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Neuro 1 Exam 2 > Mechanisms of Arousal: Brain Arousal Systems > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Arousal: Brain Arousal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of consciousness

A

arousal and awareness

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2
Q

Coma

A

neither awake nor aware

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3
Q

persistent vegetative state

A

physiologically identificable sleep/wake cycles, no awareness

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4
Q

minimally conscious state

A

sleep/wake cycles, reproducible evidence of awareness, limited/absent communication

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5
Q

Comatose state results from damage to the cerebral cortex in what circumstance

A

damage must be large and bilateral

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6
Q

What is a common cause of consciousness

A

smaller lesion in brainstem, mid brain or hypothalamus

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7
Q

What is required for both arousal and awareness

A

activation of the cortex

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8
Q

what is present in a coma

A

eye/head motions, that are intermittent

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9
Q

what is present in a persistent vegetative state

A

eye/head movements, sleep/wake cycles

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10
Q

What is present in minimally conscious individual

A

eye/head motions; sleep/wake cycle; awareness and verbal responses are intermittent

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11
Q

aware/alert individual has

A

eye/head motions; sleep/wake cycles; awareness and verbal responses

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12
Q

What are the arousal systems/compounds

A 
EAA
cholinergic
noradrenergic
serotonergic
dopaminergic
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13
Q

Where are EAA arousal systems located

A

reticular activating system and parabrachial nuclei

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14
Q

Where are cholinergic arousal systems located

A

pedunculopontine tegmental and laterodorsal nuclei (PPT/LDT)

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15
Q

Where are noradrenergic arousal system located

A

locus ceruleus

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16
Q

Where are serotonergic arousal systems located

A

raphe nuclei

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17
Q

where are dopaminergic arousal systems located

A

ventral tegmental area

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18
Q

What are the two pathways of the RAS pathway

A

Dorsal and ventral

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19
Q

What is the path of the dorsal pathway

A

nonspecific nuclei of thalamus, including intralaminar nucleus. Goes from there to diffuse pathway to higher levels.

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20
Q

What is the path of the ventral pathway

A

Basal forebrain and hypothalamus, diffuse pathway to all higher levels after that.

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21
Q

Where are the parabrachial nuclei located

A

In the pons

22
Q

Function of parabrachial nuclei

A

crucial for arousal/activation

23
Q

What is the path the parachial nuclei take

A

Exclusively ventral pathway with extensive diffuse innervation of the entire cortex

24
Q

What are the neurotransmitters used by both parabrachial and RAS neurons

A

EAA/Glu (dorsal and ventral pathways)

25
Q

What other products are released by interneurons and neuronal population in the RAS?

A

Interneurons=GABA

Neuronal population= ACh

26
Q

What does EAA system provide

A

Baseline excitation crucial for cortical activity

27
Q

What path does PPT/LDT take

A

both dorsal and ventral

28
Q

What does cholinergic system provide for cortical activity

A

baseline excitation crucial to cortical activity

29
Q

What is cholinergic inputs from pons associated with

A

arousal and awareness

30
Q

Does PPN/DLT cause coma

A

not necessarily, does cause severe cognitive deficits from slowing cortical processes

31
Q

What neurotransmitters lead to arousal/wakefulness

A

EAA/Ach

32
Q

What are the outputs from teh Locus coereuleus

A

ascending and descending

33
Q

What pathways does the ascending output of the locus coereuleus follow

A

dorsal and ventral with RAS

34
Q

What do the ascending fibers in the L.C. become

A

dorsal noradrenergic bundle

35
Q

Function of LC. NA system

A

startle and alerting responses on EEG
sleep/wake
behavioral vigilance

36
Q

What are the inputs of the raphe nuclei

A

sensory from SC (fine proprioception, trigeminal and PAG)

37
Q

What are the outputs for arousal of the raphe nuclei

A

dorsal and ventral paths

38
Q

Function of serotonergic

A

quiet awareness, mood and affect, modulation of pain

39
Q

What neurotransmitters lead to awareness

A

NE/5HT

40
Q

What provides a dopaminergic input

A

VTA along with substantia nigra

41
Q

Functions of VTA

A

cognitive functions, motor activity, emotion

42
Q

What neurotransmitters lead to alertness

A

DA

43
Q

What is the pathway for the dorsal pathway

A

arousal systems send axons to thalamus, then synapse and axons from thalamus then go to cortex. Synapse on cortical neurons.

44
Q

Where does the dorsal pathway neurons synapse

A

non-specific nuclei of the thalamus. Difuse projection to the entire cortex, use EAA as neurotransmitter

45
Q

What do the Thalamic arousal system neurons interact with

A

with EAA and neurons, interact with a series of intracortical neurons release GABA.

46
Q

What parts of the brain show neuron loss in a persistent vegetative state

A

rostral regions of pons, midbrain, thalamus

47
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, what is hurt?

A

cholinergic systems, memory formation is profoundly impaired.

48
Q

What systems move us from being awake to more generally aware

A

noradrenergic and serotonergic

49
Q

What medicine has helped people in a persistent vegetative state

A

levodopa

50
Q

What does dopaminergic system do

A

adds to awareness, focused on novel stimuli

51
Q

What happens during sleep in the thalamic arousal system?

A

thalamocortical neurons are hyperpolarized, show occasional burst, cuts cortex off from excitatory influence during the deepest levels of sleep

Neuro 1 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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