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Biomed 2 - Season finale > Neuroscience - Smell/taste > Flashcards

Neuroscience - Smell/taste Flashcards

1
Q

what is olfaction

A

detection of airborne molecules

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2
Q

what is gustation

A

information about ingested substances
chemical and physical qualities

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3
Q

where are sensory receptors located

A

olfactory epithelium

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4
Q

where do the olfactory afferent fibres project to

A

directly to the olfactory bulb in the CNS

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5
Q

what are olfactory neurones

A

bipolar

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6
Q

name structural features of the olfactory epithelium

A

unmyelinated sensory afferent
mucus layer
specialised cilia embedded in the mucus layer

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7
Q

how long does olfactory neurone damage last for

A

6-8 weeks

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8
Q

what produces the mucus in the olfactory lobe and what is its function

A

bowman’s gland
concentrates the chemicals and brings them into contact with the cilia

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9
Q

what is the function of dividing stem cells in the olfactory epithelium

A

allow replacement of damaged olfactory neurones

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10
Q

what are the G-proteins within olfactory cilia

A

G-olf

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11
Q

what does odorant transduction lead to

A

cascade of chemical reactions leading to influx of Na+ and Ca2+ leading to depolarisation

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12
Q

what does the olfactory receptor processes pass through

A

cribriform plate and enter the olfactory lobe

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13
Q

how are different olfactory receptors selective for different odors

A

some GCPR’s are more receptive to some airborne chemicals than to others
may or not produce an action potential

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14
Q

how are airborne chemicals distinguished from eachother

A

the pattern of of different types of olfactory neurones that do and don’t produce an action potential in the presence of the odor

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15
Q

what is the olfactory bulb composed of

A

mitral cells - olfactory tract
glomeruli - convergence and amplification

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16
Q

where do the axons of the mitral cell project

A

from the olfactory bulb to accessory olfactory nuclei

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17
Q

the relationship between one odorant neurone and one glomeruli enables what

A

allows specific regions of the olfactory bulb to respond to different chemicals

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18
Q

what is the major target of the lateral olfactory tract

A

piriform cortex

19
Q

what are the neurones in the pyriphorm cortex

A

pyramidal neurones - glutamatergic

20
Q

what are taste papilae

A

specialised invaginations on the surface of the tounge

21
Q

what are the different types of taste papilae

A

filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
circumvallate
follate papillae

22
Q

which taste papillae hast no taste buds associated with it

A

filiform papillae

23
Q

how many taste buds does the fungiform and circumvallate contain

A

fungiform - 3 on the apical side
circumvallate - 250 in the trench

24
Q

how are follate papillae organised and how many taste buds do the contain

A

into parallel ridges
600

25
Q

what is the function of microvilli on the tips of taste cells

A

increase the surface area that molecules can interact with that taste cells

26
Q

at the apical microvilli, what protein receptors detect what

A

ion channels - salt and sour/acids
GPCR - sweet, bitter and umami

27
Q

where do the taste efferent neurones project to

A

the facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)

28
Q

what are the transmitters involved in taste

A

serotonin and ATP

29
Q

what detects sweet and umami

A

T1 receptors

30
Q

what is the key secondary messenger in signalling for sucrose, glutamate and quinine

A

phospholipase beta 2

31
Q

outline the basic transduction of sweetness

A

detected by T1R2/T1R3
activation of PLC beta 2

32
Q

outline the basic transduction of umami

A

detected by T1R1/T1R3
activation of PLC beta 2

33
Q

what is the half maximal concentration of glutamate

A

0.3mM/L

34
Q

outline the basic signalling pathway for biterness

A

detected by T2R receptors
expresses alpha-gustducin
activation of PLC beta 2

35
Q

what nerves project from the tongue

A

cranial nerve VII - facial nerve and chorda tympani

36
Q

what nerves project from the back of the tongue

A

cranial nerve IX - lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

37
Q

what nerves project from the epiglottis and oesophagus

A

cranial nerve X - superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

38
Q

where does cranial nerve VII project to

A

the rostral part of the gustatory nucleus

39
Q

where does cranial nerve IX project to

A

the mid region of the gustatory nucleus

40
Q

where does cranial nerve X project to

A

caudal region of the gustatory nucleus

41
Q

what is 2nd order signalling of gustation

A

from the gustatory nucleus to the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)

42
Q

what is 3rd order signalling of gustation

A

signalling from the VPM to the gustatory cortex - insular and orbitofrontal cortex

43
Q

where in the higher centres of the brain is salt detected

A

insular cortex

44
Q

what is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex

A

gives us our perception of food
involved in signalling for satiety

Biomed 2 - Season finale (24 decks)

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