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Biomed 2 - Season finale > medical micro - UT/STI > Flashcards

medical micro - UT/STI Flashcards

1
Q

what do lower UTI’s involve

A

bladder - cystitis
urethra - urethritis

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2
Q

what do upper UTI’s affect

A

kidneys - pyelonephritis
ureters - ureteritis

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3
Q

difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic infection

A

symptomatic - display symptoms of disease
asymptomatic - significant number of bacteria but no symptoms

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4
Q

give anatomical reasons why women are more susceptible to UTI

A

shorter urethra
closer to the bladder

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5
Q

how does birth control contribute to female UTI

A

spermicidal agents and diaphragms in the birth control can increase risk of infection

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6
Q

how does menopause increase risk of UTI

A

decline in circulating oestrogen, causes changes to urinary tract, more vulnerable to infection.

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7
Q

different between single or reccurant UTI

A

single - only happens ones
reccurant - relapse with same/ different organism

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8
Q

difference between un/complicated UTI

A

uncomplicated - no additional UT problems
complicated - other factors associated with the infection

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9
Q

outline how a lower UTI can progress to an upper UTI

A

1 - colonisation
2 - uroepithelium penetration
3 - ascension
4 - pyelonephritis
5 - acute kidney injury

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10
Q

what do UTI tests generally depend on

A

chemical tests - dipstick
bacterial culture

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11
Q

difference between polyuria/haematuria and dysuria

A

polyuria - excessive urine output
haematuria - blood in urine
dysuria - pain when pissing

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12
Q

what is the definition to area above the pubis

A

suprapubic

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13
Q

what is pyruia

A

presence of pus/WBC in urine

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14
Q

what do leukocytes in the urine indicate and how to detect it

A

body is fighting an infection
test detects leukocyte esterase

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15
Q

what is the primary cause of UTI’s

A

uropathogenic E. coli

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16
Q

what are the virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli

A

adhesion - prevents removal in urine flow
survival - acquires iron and evades host defences
toxicity - leads to infalmmation

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17
Q

what are the primary adherance factors of UPEC and common adhesive organelles

A

adherence factors:
pili
fimbriae
adhesion organelles:
type 1
P
S
FIC pili

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18
Q

features of type 1

A

required for colonisation, invasion and persistence
occurs mainly in the bladder
possess FimH - adhesin

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19
Q

what does FimH target

A

Mannosylated uroplakins
Α1β3 integrins

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20
Q

what happens after UPEC attaches

A

invasion into umbrella cells

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21
Q

what happens once E. coli invades umbrella cells

A

activation of Rho GTPase
causes actin rearrangement and internalisation
E. coli gets engulfed by the cell

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22
Q

where is the P pili more active

A

upper UTI infections

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23
Q

once UPEC is engulfed, what does the host cell membrane cause

A

leads to exocytosis of UPEC inside of a vesicle into the plasma membrane
this leads to transient biofilm-like intracellular UPEC communities in the host membrane

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24
Q

vesicular UPEC also form quiescent intracellular reservoirs (QIR), what is that

A

in membrane bound compartments of 4-10 bacteria covered in F-actin
long term viability

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25
Q

what does PapG on P pili bind

A

globosides present on kidneys
TLR4 to reduce their expression - modulating the immune system

26
Q

what antibody is effected by PapG binding to globosides

A

IgA through cells to the kidney lumen

27
Q

what are other virulence factors of UPEC

A

siderophores
α-haemolysin (HylA)
cytotoxic necrotising factor 1 (CNF1)

28
Q

why would siderophores be a useful virulence factor for lower UTI infections

A

the bladder is an iron-limited environment

29
Q

function of α-haemolysin (HylA)

A

causes pore formation in umbrella cells
promotes lysis and release of nutrients and iron
trigger exfoliation - highly expressed in IBC’s

30
Q

function of CNF1

A

affects actin modelling
causes membrane ruffling - aids in internalisation

31
Q

when does initial attachment of proteus occur

A

after urease causes pH to increase

32
Q

if proteus is in contact with host tissue, what toxins does it release

A

α-haemolysin
proteus toxin

33
Q

function of proteus toxin

A

punctures host cell membrane
causes cytosol to leak - causing osmotic stress
causes actin depolymerisation

34
Q

features of lactobicilli

A

adhere to vaginal cells - prevents colonisation
produce hydrogen peroxide to inhibit pathogenic growth
produces lactic acid to maintain low pH
releases bacteriocins - antimicrobials
can deactivate HIV-1

35
Q

what does sperm contain for antimicrobial purposes

A

lysozyme
lactoferrin
phospholipase A2
secretory leukocyte inhibitor
semenogelin 1 derived peptides

36
Q

what does uncomplicated gonorrhoeae affect

A

mucus membrane of:
urethra
endocervix
rectum
pharynx
conjuctiva

37
Q

what can disseminated gonorrhoeae present as

A

septic arthritis
dermatitis

38
Q

what are the complications associated with gonorrhoeae in men

A

acute epididymitis
penile lymphangitis
per-urethral abscess
acute prostatitis
seminal vesiculitis

39
Q

what are the complications associated with gonorrhoeae in women

A

Bartholin’s abscess
spontaneous abortion
premature labour
rupture of fetal membrane

40
Q

what are NAATS used to detect

A

gonorrhoeae and chlamydia

41
Q

features of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

gram-negative diplococci
fastidious
facultative intracellular

42
Q

what are the virulence factors of gonorrhoeae

A

capsule to resist phagocytosis
Opa proteins to aid in attachment
Pilus protein to attach to epithelium
LOS - liposaccharide with endotoxic activity
release IgA protease
Rmp proteins - inhibits cidal action of semen
Por - created pores in membrane

43
Q

what is the difference in wo/men in contraction of chlamydia

A

men - infects urethra
women - infects urethra and/or endocervix

44
Q

what is the difference between un/complicated chlamydia

A

uncomplicated - doesn’t ascend to upper genital tract
complicated - ascends to upper genital tract

45
Q

what does complicated chlamydia cause in wo/men

A

men - epididymo-orchitis
women - pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

46
Q

what does epididymo-orhitis cause

A

pain/swelling/inflammation in the epididymous/testicles

47
Q

what is adult conjuctivitis caused by

A

autoinoculation

48
Q

what is LGV caused by

A

infection of lymphatic system

49
Q

what does SARA cause

A

polyarthritis of weight-bearing joints

50
Q

what are the virulence factors of chlamydia

A

binds to sialic acid on mucus membrane to give it access to immuno-privileged areas
LPS is cysteine-rich to prevent phagocytosis
Type III secretion system
antigenic variation
infested vacuole to divert lipids to itself

51
Q

what is syphilis caused by

A

spirochete bacterium - Treponema palladium

52
Q

how is syphilis transmitted

A

direct contact with the infectious lesions

53
Q

what is primary syphilis

A

painless ulcer
affects genitals
localised lymphadenopathy

54
Q

what is secondary syphilis

A

multisystem and one or many regions

55
Q

what is the progression of syphilis

A

early latent
late syphilis
late latent stage
tertiary

56
Q

what is tertiary syphilis divided into

A

neruosyphilis
gummatous syphilis

57
Q

features of Treponema palladium

A

obligate intracellular parasite
fastidious - gram-negative
cork-screw shaped

58
Q

how does T. palladium reproduce

A

transverse fission

59
Q

what is the outer sheath of T. palladium composed of

A

glycosaminoglycan

60
Q

what is the function of the axial filament (endoflagella) of T. palladium

A

provides osmotic stability
covers the protoplasmic cylinder

61
Q

what are the virulence factors of T. pallidium

A

adherence proteins
hyaluronidase - allows perivascular infiltration
coats host cells with fibronectin to prevent phagocytosis

Biomed 2 - Season finale (24 decks)

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