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Biomed 2 - Season finale > Neuro - Glia# > Flashcards

Neuro - Glia# Flashcards

1
Q

what types of glia are present in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

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2
Q

function of satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies in ganglia
regulate O2/CO2/nutrient/neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

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3
Q

function of Schwann cells

A

surround axons in PNS
aid in repair from injuries

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4
Q

what are the types of glia present in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia

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5
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons
provide structural support

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6
Q

function of astrocytes

A

structural support
maintain BBB
forms scar tissue after injury
recycle neurotransmitters
regulates ion/nutrient/dissolved glass concentrations

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7
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

assist in the production/circulation and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
line the ventricles and central canal

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8
Q

function of microglia

A

remove cell waste/debris
removes pathogens via phagocytosis

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9
Q

what occurs at 6 weeks of gestation

A

vasculogenesis at the telencephalic wall
formation of the BBB

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10
Q

what occurs from 7 weeks of gestation onwards

A

tight junctions present at:
blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus
pia-arachnoid barrier
CSF-brain barrier

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11
Q

what is unique about the lineage/structure of radial glial cells

A

the differentiate earlier than other types of glia from neural progenitors
cell body is located in the ventricular layer
projects all the way into white matter

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12
Q

what type of glial cell can give rise to all cell lineages

A

radial glia
contribute to populating the brain and provide a scaffold for neurons - neuronal migration

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13
Q

what do O2A progenitors give rise to

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

how does O2A progenitors lead to the glia the give rise to

A

the cells acquire their identity as they migrate
depending on the factors they encounter

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15
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A

schwann precursors
peripheral sensory cells
autonomic neruones
satellite cells

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16
Q

what do immature schwann cells differentiate into and what does it depend on

A

myelinating or non-myelinating schwann cells
depends on early association with either large or small diameter axons
large - myelinating
small - non-myelinating

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17
Q

comment on the maturation of the astrocyte population

A

its progressive and mostly postnatal

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18
Q

what are the main macrophages in the brain

A

microglia
non-parenchymal cells

19
Q

how do microglia detect and react disturbances to the brain’s homeostasis

A

equipped with immune sensors/reactants that detect and allow for quick and plastic responses to these disturbances

20
Q

what are the different types of microglia

A

systemic sensing
proliferating
phagocytic
neuromodulatory
pruning
surveillant

21
Q

what gives rise to all macrophage populations

A

eryhtromyeloid progenitors (EMP’s) derived from yolk sac

22
Q

what do uncommitted EMP’s express

A

express specific markers such as:
CD31+ and c-Kit+

23
Q

how do EMP’s develop

A

from the macrophage ancestor population - A1 into tje A2 progenitor population
the A2 population commits to microglia

24
Q

what are the stages in microglial development

A

EMP–>ameboid microglia–>ramified microglia

25
Q

outline what happens to ameboid cells in microglial development

A

during the first 2 weeks of postnatal brain they gain the shape and characteristics of microglia

26
Q

what is the role of master regulators of macrophage development

A

drive the specification of EMP’s into immature macrophages

27
Q

what plays a fundamental role in microglial identity

A

CSF1
TGFβ
IL34
involved in shaping, maintaining and reinforcing microglial identity

28
Q

what transcription factors are highly present in microglia

A

SALL1
SALL3
MEIS3
MAFB

29
Q

functions of astrocytes - extended

A

neurogenesis and gliogenesis
neuronal guidance in development
regulation of synaptic maturation and synaptogenesis
acts as microarchitecture for the brain
creation of BBB
synaptic modulation

30
Q

how do astrocytes respond to pre/postsynaptic stimulation

A

release Ca2+ stores from their ER

31
Q

how do astrocytes communicate with neurones

A

communicate bidirectionally
receive neurotransmitters from neurone
able to their own neurotransmitters/gliotransmitters that change the electrophysiology of the neurone
like short-term plascticity

32
Q

what do astrocytes clear and provide

A

active in Glu (glucose) clearance and provision of Gln (glutamine)

33
Q

in context of the tripartite synapse what does glucose target

A

kainate receptors
metabotropic glutamate receptors
NMDA receptors

34
Q

what are another function of the gliotransmitters released by astrocytes

A

synchronised depolarisation of neurones - results in more EPSP
increased chance and frequency of AMPA-receptor dependant postsynaptic currents

35
Q

in terms of the tripartite synapse, what does ATP target

A

P2X receptors
P2Y receptors
A1 receptors

36
Q

what are the functions of ATP in terms of the tripartite synapse

A

insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic terminal
paracrine activity via calcium waves
suppression of synaptic transmissions

37
Q

what is the suggested method of ATP release

A

partly dependent on SNARE proteins and Ca2+
and exocytosis releases the ATP

38
Q

what do the alveus projections of astrocytes in the hippocampal stratum oriens only respond to

A

changes in Ca2+ concentration only due to cholinergic activity

39
Q

why do astrocytes in the hippocampal stratum oriens have Glu receptors

A

they are also capable of detecting glutamatergic activity that originates from the Schaffer collateral brain region

40
Q

how does the frequency of stimulation from glutamatergic/cholinergic neurons effect calcium concentration

A

low frequencies - result in potentiated Ca2+ response
high frequencies - results in depressed Ca2+ concentration response

41
Q

give a localised definition of the BBB

A

barrier between the intracerebral blood vessels and the brain parenchyma

42
Q

what is the BBB formed by

A

tight junctions
astroglial endfeet

43
Q

where is the BBB not located in the brain

A

circumventricular organs (CVO’s)
neurohypophysis
pineal gland
subfornical organ
lamina terminalis

Biomed 2 - Season finale (24 decks)

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