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Biomed 2 - Season finale > Neuro - Glia# > Flashcards

Neuro - Glia# Flashcards

1
Q

what types of glia are present in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

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2
Q

function of satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies in ganglia
regulate O2/CO2/nutrient/neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

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3
Q

function of Schwann cells

A

surround axons in PNS
aid in repair from injuries

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4
Q

what are the types of glia present in the central nervous system

A

oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
astrocytes
microglia

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5
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons
provide structural support

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6
Q

function of astrocytes

A

structural support
maintain BBB
forms scar tissue after injury
recycle neurotransmitters
regulates ion/nutrient/dissolved glass concentrations

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7
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

assist in the production/circulation and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
line the ventricles and central canal

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8
Q

function of microglia

A

remove cell waste/debris
removes pathogens via phagocytosis

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9
Q

what occurs at 6 weeks of gestation

A

vasculogenesis at the telencephalic wall
formation of the BBB

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10
Q

what occurs from 7 weeks of gestation onwards

A

tight junctions present at:
blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus
pia-arachnoid barrier
CSF-brain barrier

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11
Q

what is unique about the lineage/structure of radial glial cells

A

the differentiate earlier than other types of glia from neural progenitors
cell body is located in the ventricular layer
projects all the way into white matter

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12
Q

what type of glial cell can give rise to all cell lineages

A

radial glia
contribute to populating the brain and provide a scaffold for neurons - neuronal migration

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13
Q

what do O2A progenitors give rise to

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

how does O2A progenitors lead to the glia the give rise to

A

the cells acquire their identity as they migrate
depending on the factors they encounter

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15
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to

A

schwann precursors
peripheral sensory cells
autonomic neruones
satellite cells

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16
Q

what do immature schwann cells differentiate into and what does it depend on

A

myelinating or non-myelinating schwann cells
depends on early association with either large or small diameter axons
large - myelinating
small - non-myelinating

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17
Q

comment on the maturation of the astrocyte population

A

its progressive and mostly postnatal

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18
Q

what are the main macrophages in the brain

A

microglia
non-parenchymal cells

19
Q

how do microglia detect and react disturbances to the brain’s homeostasis

A

equipped with immune sensors/reactants that detect and allow for quick and plastic responses to these disturbances

20
Q

what are the different types of microglia

A

systemic sensing
proliferating
phagocytic
neuromodulatory
pruning
surveillant

21
Q

what gives rise to all macrophage populations

A

eryhtromyeloid progenitors (EMP’s) derived from yolk sac

22
Q

what do uncommitted EMP’s express

A

express specific markers such as:
CD31+ and c-Kit+

23
Q

how do EMP’s develop

A

from the macrophage ancestor population - A1 into tje A2 progenitor population
the A2 population commits to microglia

24
Q

what are the stages in microglial development

A

EMP–>ameboid microglia–>ramified microglia

25
outline what happens to ameboid cells in microglial development
during the first 2 weeks of postnatal brain they gain the shape and characteristics of microglia
26
what is the role of master regulators of macrophage development
drive the specification of EMP's into immature macrophages
27
what plays a fundamental role in microglial identity
CSF1 TGFβ IL34 involved in shaping, maintaining and reinforcing microglial identity
28
what transcription factors are highly present in microglia
SALL1 SALL3 MEIS3 MAFB
29
functions of astrocytes - extended
neurogenesis and gliogenesis neuronal guidance in development regulation of synaptic maturation and synaptogenesis acts as microarchitecture for the brain creation of BBB synaptic modulation
30
how do astrocytes respond to pre/postsynaptic stimulation
release Ca2+ stores from their ER
31
how do astrocytes communicate with neurones
communicate bidirectionally receive neurotransmitters from neurone able to their own neurotransmitters/gliotransmitters that change the electrophysiology of the neurone like short-term plascticity
32
what do astrocytes clear and provide
active in Glu (glucose) clearance and provision of Gln (glutamine)
33
in context of the tripartite synapse what does glucose target
kainate receptors metabotropic glutamate receptors NMDA receptors
34
what are another function of the gliotransmitters released by astrocytes
synchronised depolarisation of neurones - results in more EPSP increased chance and frequency of AMPA-receptor dependant postsynaptic currents
35
in terms of the tripartite synapse, what does ATP target
P2X receptors P2Y receptors A1 receptors
36
what are the functions of ATP in terms of the tripartite synapse
insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic terminal paracrine activity via calcium waves suppression of synaptic transmissions
37
what is the suggested method of ATP release
partly dependent on SNARE proteins and Ca2+ and exocytosis releases the ATP
38
what do the alveus projections of astrocytes in the hippocampal stratum oriens only respond to
changes in Ca2+ concentration only due to cholinergic activity
39
why do astrocytes in the hippocampal stratum oriens have Glu receptors
they are also capable of detecting glutamatergic activity that originates from the Schaffer collateral brain region
40
how does the frequency of stimulation from glutamatergic/cholinergic neurons effect calcium concentration
low frequencies - result in potentiated Ca2+ response high frequencies - results in depressed Ca2+ concentration response
41
give a localised definition of the BBB
barrier between the intracerebral blood vessels and the brain parenchyma
42
what is the BBB formed by
tight junctions astroglial endfeet
43
where is the BBB not located in the brain
circumventricular organs (CVO's) neurohypophysis pineal gland subfornical organ lamina terminalis

Biomed 2 - Season finale (24 decks)

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