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EPPP > Neuropsych > Flashcards

Neuropsych Flashcards

1
Q

Dysarthria

A

Disorder of speech, usually occurring secondary to stroke that causes a loss of control over the muscles of face and mouth. Pts. may drool, speak slowly, slur words, and display limited mouth and jaw movement.

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2
Q

Pure Alexia

A

A disorder of reading (AKA alexia without agraphia). Can spell and recognize words spelled to them but have great difficulty reading. Caused by damage to the connection between the visual cortex and the angular gyrus

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3
Q

Ataxia

A

A neurological disorder characterized by clumsy movements and poor coordination of musles.

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4
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to move despite the urge and physical fitness necessary to do so. Can be very specific, ex. constructional apraxia, which only involves difficulty with drawing objects or constructing simple models.

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5
Q

Kluver-Bucy Sndrome

A

Neurological disorder thought to be caused by brain damage due to trauma or herpes encephalitis. Pts behave in sexually inappropriate ways, tend to put objects in mouth. May suffer from visual agnosia.

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6
Q

Ganser Syndrome

A

Factitious disorder where pts mimic behaviors they believe are characteristic of psychosis. May respond with nonsensical words when asked questions, engage in echolalia and echopraxia (rpting mvmts).

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7
Q

Angular Gyrsu

A

Located in the parietal lobe, just behind Wernickes area. Located on the margin of the occipital and temporal lobes. SErves to coordinate visual, spatial, and language-related information.

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8
Q

Causes of Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

Thought to be due to damage to the left parietal lobe in the area of angular gyrys

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9
Q

Gertsmann’s Syndrome

A

Finger agnosia, right-left confusion, acalculia or dyscalculia, and agraphia. This is different from motor agraphia (find motor probe; poor muscle tone)

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10
Q

Occipital Lobe Damage

A

Results in visual-perceptual deficits, such as devpmt of scotomas; in addition visual hallucinations or illusions, (objects abnormally sized or colored), may become unable to read (alexia) or write (agraphia)

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11
Q

Parietal lobe damage

A

Causes abnormalities in body image and spatial perception; damage to the right parietal lobe can lead to contralateral neglect, construction apraxia, and anosognosia. Damage to the left results in Gertsmann’s Syndrome.

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe damage

A

Causes auditory disturbances including auditory hallucinations, probs with visual perception, difficulty with language comprehension (Wernicke’s aphasia), and impaired long term memory (anterograde amnesia)

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13
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex Damage

A

ACC allows for communication between cortex and limbic system. Also helps focus attention on tasks. ACC damage associated with inability to detect errors, difficulty resolving contradictory stimuli, emotional instability, poor attention, control, and loss of voluntary movement and speech.

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14
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Executes movements. Damage here associated w/difficulties w/fine finger movement and a loss of speed and strength in the hands/limbs

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15
Q

Motor Association Cortex

A

Involved in the planning of movement. Damage here may cause difficulties coordinating the muscle movements required for speech

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16
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Located in the left inferior frontal cortex and involved in word retrieval. Damage may cause Broca’s aphasia (an inability to retrieve words)

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17
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

OFC - Associated with judgment, self-monitoring, and processing emotionally arousing stimuli. Damage here associated with poor or heightened response to threatening stimuli, poor decision making and judgment, and poor risk assessment (also disinhibited bx)

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18
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A

DLPFC - Associated with short term memory and top-down attentional control. Damage to this region associated with difficulties with concentration/attn., and poor recall of recently learned info

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19
Q

Prefrontal Cortex subdivisions

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex,, Broca’s area, motor association cortex, and primary motor cortex

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20
Q

Damage to prefrontal cortex

A

Personality changes, and disturbances in planning, initiation, judgment,a nd goal-oriented behavior

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex responsible for

A

Involved in executive function, planning, decision-making, attentional control, updating working memory

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22
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Located within basal ganglia, may be involved in learning and memory and generating feelings of love; abnormalities in caudate nucleus linked to OCD

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23
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Locate in the medial brain; receives input from the thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and other cortical areas; helps focus attn on tasks, and relay info between limbic system and higher cortical areas

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24
Q

Precocious puberty

A

A condition from premature activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadotropic axis. Leads to early sexual maturation

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25
Q

FSH and LH

A

In females, LH and FSH stimulate ovarian devpmt. In males, FSH essential for spermatogenesis and LH promotes testosterone synthesis

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26
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Regulate the gonads and the release of hormones necessary for sexual maturation; FSH and LH

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27
Q

Adrenocortitropin

A

Produced in stressful situations and stimulate release of hormones by the adrenal gland

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28
Q

Thyrotropin

A

Thyroid stimulating hormones that modulate metabolism in the thyroid gland

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29
Q

Anterior Pituitary Lobe

A

Controls the release of various hormones from endocrine organs

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30
Q

Disorders associated with the midbrain

A

Parkinson’s - Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Drug addiction - pleasurable effects of drug as well as addictive qualities are associated with functions of the VTA.

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31
Q

Reticular formation

A

Network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord, through the hindbrain and midbrain. Plays a role in the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, attention, pain, and touch.

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32
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Group of neurons in the base of the midbrain, which are involved in the reward system of the brain

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33
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Involved in movements such as arm swinging while walking and crawling in babies.

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34
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Contains a large number of dopamine-producing neurons, associated with voluntary movement and motor planning

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35
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Receives sensory info fromt he ear and relays auditory stimuli

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36
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Process info related to visual stimuli and is associated with eye movements

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37
Q

Tritanopia

A

Equally prevalent in males and females; difficulty perceiving short wave lengths (blue and yellow) because retina lacks blue cones; sees reds and greens normally, however sky is green and yellow objects look pink

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38
Q

Deuteranopia

A

AKA second color deficit; confuse green and red; remainder of color cision normal. More common in males. (Green cones are filled with red spin).

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39
Q

Protanopia

A

AKA first color deficit; they have good acuity in short wavelengths (blue and yellow) but lose color perception at higher wave lengths; confuse reds and greens as they look yellowish; more common in males

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40
Q

Color agnosia

A

Condition in which one is unable to associate a color with a particular object; a person with this condition may not know what the color of an elephant is

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41
Q

Color anomia

A

Inability to name colors one sees. Not a visual problem, but a problem with verbalization and word-finding

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42
Q

Damage to V5

A

Loss of ability to see movement. Can see still objects, but object will disappear if it begins to move

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43
Q

Damage to both V3 and V4

A

Complete loss of form perception

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44
Q

Damage to V4

A

Loss of ability to perceive color, known as cerebral achromatopsia. See the world in shades of gray. Dyschromatopsia refers to partial loss in color perception and is more common

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45
Q

Damage to V3

A

Partial loss of form perception

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46
Q

Damage to V2

A

Global disruptions in vision, with impairments in ability to distinguish form, movement, color, and spatial orientation of patterns

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47
Q

Damage to V1

A

Most serious of visual impairments. Partial blindness in both eyes. Blindsight: a condition in which patients report seeing nothing, but respond to change in visual field, such as movement, due to visual processing still occurring at lower levels.

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48
Q

Homonymous hemianopia

A

Damage to the optic chasm will affect input from one half of our visual field from both eyes, thereby causing bilateral heminaopia that affects one medial and one lateral input

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49
Q

Heminaopia

A

Blindness in part fo the visual field caused by damage to either optic nerve. Damage to the medial optic nerve at optic chasm leads to loss of vision in temporal half of both eyes, or bilateral hemianopia.

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50
Q

V5 area

A

Critical for the detection of form while in motion

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51
Q

V4 area

A

Function is primarily color processing, although some cells within V4 respond to both form and color

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52
Q

V3 area

A

Predominantly devoted to form perception

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53
Q

V2 area

A

Sends visual projections to lower visual areas. Heterogenous with V1 in function, performs some color, form, and mvmt processing and processing spatial info

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54
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

AKA - V1 and striate cortex. Largest most important visual area. All visual input comes here first then projected to the other occipital areas. responsible for perception of sight.

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55
Q

Vision and occipital lobe

A

Lateral inputs are projected to the anterior portion of the occipital lobe. Medial inputs are directed to posterior portions of the occipital lobe

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56
Q

Implicit memory

A

Basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum

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57
Q

Explicit memory

A

Located in the temporal lobe and include: hippocampus, amygdala, temporal cortex. These structures connected through the thalamus to the prefontal cortex

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58
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Involved with the brain’s ability to recognize objects. Responsible for vision.

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59
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, memory, meaning, and language. Plays a role in emotion and learning. Concerned with interpreting and processing auditory stimuli.

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60
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Connected with processing of nerve impulses related to the senses; touch, pain, taste, pressure, and temperature. Also have a language function.

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61
Q

Damage to frontal lobes

A

Difficulty interpreting feedback from the environment, perseverating on a response, risk taking, and non-compliance with rules, and impaired associated learning (external cues to guide behavior). Change in social behavior.

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62
Q

Left vs. right frontal lobe

A

Left - controlling language related movement. Right - non-verbal abilities. Not an absolute; both sides influence verbal and non-verbal movement.

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63
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Emotional control and home to our personality. Involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgment, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior. Most common region of injury in mild-mod brain injury.

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64
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

This structure is the caudal most part of the brain stem, between pons and spinal cord. Responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate.

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65
Q

Pons

A

Part of met encephalon in hindbrain. Involved in motor control and sensory analysis. Info enters here first. Has parts that are important for levels of consciousness and sleep. Some of pons linked to cerebellum (mvmt and posture)

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66
Q

Cerebral peduncle

A

Anterior part of midbrain, huge bundles of axons traveling from cerebral cortex through brain stem. These fibers (along with other structures) are important for voluntary motor function.

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67
Q

Midbrain

A

AKA mesencephalon, rostral part of brain stem. Includes tectum and tegmentum. Involved in vision, hearing, eye mvmt, and body mvmt.

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68
Q

Hippocampus

A

Portion of cerebral hemispheres in basal medial part of temporal lobe. Important for learning and memory (short term–>long-term) and recalling spatial relationships.

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69
Q

Amygdala

A

Part of telencephalon, located in temporal lobe; involved in memory, emotion, and fear. Beneath surface of the front, medial part of temporal lobe; causes bulge called the uncus

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70
Q

Hypthalamus

A

Part of diencephalon, ventral to thalamus. Involved in homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of autonomic nervous system. Also controls pituitary.

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71
Q

Thalamus

A

Deep in the forebrain at the topmost portion of diencephalon. Sensory and motor functions. Almost all sensory info enters it where neurons send info to cortex. All senses except olfaction synapses here. Last relay site before info reaches cerebral cortex.

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72
Q

Components of the brain stem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

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73
Q

Limbic System

A

“Emotional brain:. Buried within cerebrum. Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

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74
Q

What is the “little brain”

A

The cerebellum. 2 hemispheres. Associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

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75
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

Bulk fo the cerebrum: nerve cells that make up the gray surface of the brain. White nerve cells underneath carry signals between nerve cells and other areas of the brain and body.

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76
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

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77
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body

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78
Q

EEG

A

Measure brain waved during sleep; monitor anesthesia; contributes to the dx of epilepsy; poor spatial resolution/localization

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79
Q

MEG

A

Better spatial resolution than EEG; contributes dx of epilepsy; pre-surgical planning

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80
Q

CT

A

Uses x-rays to generate structural brain image; relatively low resolution; detects large brain tumor

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81
Q

PET

A

Measures metabolic brain activity; used to study cognitive processes; detects brain legions via the detection of abnormal functional activity

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82
Q

MRI

A

Higher structural resolution than CT; detection of brain tumors and other brain abnormalities

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83
Q

fMRI

A

variant of MRI; measures BOLD signal; provides poor temporal resolution relative to EEG measures

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84
Q

Poor performance on Stroop

A

Associated with frontal lobe lesions, including those locacted in the inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex

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85
Q

Adrenal glands

A

On top of kidneys; consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla; synthesizes corticosteroids, including cortisol. Testosterone, androgen, and aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex. Responds to HPA.

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86
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Contains chromaffin cellls; synthesizes catecholamine hormones, adrenalin, noradrenalin; involved in fight or flight

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87
Q

HPA Axis

A

Stress manifested by activation of HPA; System is modulated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). CRF released by hypothalamus. CRF travels to anterior pituitary gland where it activated production of adrenal corticotropin hormone

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88
Q

ACTH

A

Travels thru blood stream to adrenal cortex; stimulates adrenal cortex ro release cortisol

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89
Q

Cortisol

A

Predominant hormone involved in stress. Hypercortisolemia (chronically inflated cortisol levels) associated with structural and functional brain damage and lower resistance to infections

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90
Q

Pineal gland

A

regulates the circadian rhythm thru production of melatonin

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91
Q

Pancreas

A

has both exocrine and endocrine functions

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92
Q

Alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz; most observable during resting (awake) with eyes closed

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93
Q

Beta waves

A

13-30 Hz; occur when individual is awake and attentive

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94
Q

Theta

A

4-7 Hz; occur during transition from wakefulness to sleep

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95
Q

Delta

A

less than 4 hz; present during stage three sleep during transition from light to deep sleep

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96
Q

Explicit memory

A

Located in temporal lobe and include: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

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97
Q

Implicit memory

A

Basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus padillus, thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum

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98
Q

Alexithymia

A

Inability to express emotions, despite feeling them; persons with Kluver-Bucy syndrome are unable to feel emotions.

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99
Q

ACC

A

Invovled with processing cognitive information, emotion regulation,a nd autonomic control

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100
Q

dACC

A

superior to genu of corpus callosum; plays a role in cognitive function, including; executive function, response selection, negotiating conflict, and autonomic control; sensitive to task difficulty and novelty

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101
Q

rACC

A

located inferior to genu of corpus callosum; associated with emotional function; implicated in processing emotional information and regulating emotional response

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102
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFCA

A

Interfaces with both cognitive and emotional systems. Thought to be involved w/distinguishing task-relevant info from task-irrelevant info.

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103
Q

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

A

pCC has been showns to relate to inhibition processes as well as engagement level during a task. Abnormal activity in subgenual cingulate cortex observed in depressed individuals

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104
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Functions to inhibit actions that would interfere with smooth motor output of the intended action. Primary neurotransmitters are GABA and dopamine, but receive noradrenergic and serotenergic inputs as well.

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5
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105
Q

Dysfunction of Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, OCD, Tourette’s, ADHD, and Cerebral Palsey

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106
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Involved in regulating states of arousal and activity, and helps maintain circadian rhythm

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107
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain; becomes the telencephalon and diencephalon

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108
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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109
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain; becomes the met encephalon and the myencephalon

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110
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer most layer of the brain

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111
Q

Left hemisphere of brain

A

Dominant in most people; location of language functions; associated with analytical and rational thought; calculates, communicates, abstract cognitions, and makes exective decisions; processes info in right visual field; associated w/processing of positive emotions

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112
Q

Right hemisphere of brain

A

Associated with visual-spatial skills, creativity, nonverbal memory, and intuitive thought; allows us to perceive stimuli as a whole, facilitating out ability to read maps or draw sketches of 3D objects; negative emotions, particularly fear, anger, and pessimism; processes info in left visual field

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113
Q

Implication of lateralization of function after stroke

A

Depends on hemisphere affeccted; in left hemisphere more likely to affect language than right. In right occipital lobe, may result in disturbances in visual processing of info in left visual field.

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114
Q

Hemispatial neglect

A

AKA contralateral neglect; individual is unaware of info on one die of his or her body or environment; occurs most commonly after stroke to right parietal lobe (neglect is for left side). Most often associated with visual processing

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115
Q

Anosognosia

A

Unawareness of one’s neurological symptoms

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116
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of axons that connects the hemispheres and allows for communication

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117
Q

Split Brain

A

the severing of corpus callosum; May be done to attempt to control epilepsy; Pts are only able to verbalize what they see in the right visual field (info in left field sent to right hemisphere where language is processed). If presented to left visual field, pt would not be able to verbalize but could point to what they saw.

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118
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Pioneer of split brain research. Nobel prize in 1981.

119
Q

Anterior commisure

A

bundle of fibers that connects to the limbic systems in both hemispheres. Remains intact in split-brain pts. Allows for communication of rudimentary emotional stimuli (if violent movie presented to left visual field, pt would not be able to verbalize what was seen but may verbalize feeling afraid)

120
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body. Smell and hearing are processed ipsilaterally.

121
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Responsible for processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins, lipids, and other materials manufactured by RER and SER

122
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cell’s “powerhouse”; where ATP, the cell’s energy is manufactured. Only cell organelles that can self-replicate - contain their own DNA

123
Q

Limbic System

A

AKA paleomammalian brain. Involved in basic mammalian bx and instinct. Related to regulation of fear and aggression; associated with bx related to motivation (hunger, sex); related to formation and storage of memories; AKA emotion center of brain (pleasure and fear)

124
Q

Limbic System includes:

A

Amygdala, septum, hypothalamus; hippocampus; thalamus; olfactory cortex

125
Q

Septum

A

Along with amygdala, involved in fear and aggression

126
Q

Lesions of amygdala

A

Docility in animals

127
Q

Stimulation of amygdala

A

Increased rage and predatory bx

128
Q

Septal lesions in rats

A

“Septal rage” in which rat becomes extremely aggressive

129
Q

Removal of amygdala in monkeys

A

Bilateral temporal lobectomy - mouthing of objects, increased tameness, hypersexuality, visual agnosia

130
Q

Lesions in limbic system in humans

A

decrease in motivation, ability to focus on a task, decision making, startle response, and emotional reaction to both aversive and positive emotional stimuli; lack fight-or-flight

131
Q

Areas in midbrain

A

Tectum (roof of midbrain); tegmentum (floor), cerebral penduncles (everything except tectum)

132
Q

Superior colliculus

A

In midbrain; processes info related to visual stimuli and associated with eye mvmts

133
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Midbrain; recvs sensory info from ear and relays auditory stimuli

134
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Midbrain; contains large number of DA=producing neurons, associated with voluntary mvmt and motor planning

135
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Midbrain; involved with reward system of brain

136
Q

Diseases associated with midbrain

A

Parkinsons and drug addiction

136
Q

Mammilary Bodies

A

Located in diencephalon and thought to be involved in processing recognition memory. Sometimes categorized as part of hypothalamus

137
Q

Posterior pituitary lobe

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, concentrates urine) and oxytocin (uterine and prostate gland contractions)

138
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Rcvs input from eyes; projects to primary visual cortex

138
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

Rcvs info from inner ear

138
Q

Cerebellum’s role in learning and memory

A

Contains memory cells that allow for learning new skills thru trial and error.

138
Q

Characteristics of Huntington’s

A

Progressive and fatal; caused by mutation of huntingtin gene (4h chromosome); autosomal (non sex-linked) and dominant. Life expectancy 10-25 yrs after onset of sx

138
Q

Symptoms of huntington’s

A

Rapid irregular jerky mvmts (known as chorea), “dancing” gait, facial grimacing; dementia, disorientation and confusion, personality changes, memory probs, agitation. Depression and irritability usually first sx seen.

139
Q

PKU symptoms

A

Mental retardation, seizures, microcephaly, jerky mvmts in arms and legs, hyperactivity, stunted growth, unusual odor of urine and skin

140
Q

Von Wildebrand Disease

A

Most common inherited bleeding disorder; autosomal; dominant

141
Q

Symptoms of Von Wildebrand

A

Difficulty clotting after surgery or dental procedure; bruising; bleeding of the gums; frequent nose bleeds; extended bleeding times despite normal platelet counts.

142
Q

Cerebral Palsey

A

Non-infectious and non-progressive, includes lifeling impairments in body mvmt and muscular coordination, present in infancy or early childhood

143
Q

Symptoms of Cerebral Palsey

A

can be mild to severe; ataxia; muscle stiffness; increased muscle tone (spasticity); awkward gait; in severe cases, may be associtaed with increased drooling, LD, seizures, urinary and bowel probe, and hearing deficits

144
Q

Treatment for CP

A

Physical therapy, occupational therapy, assistive devices (braces, walking aids, wheelchairs); medicines (to control seizures when present, decrease muscle tone, and improve constipation)

145
Q

Four stages of HIV

A

Acute, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and crisis or late stage

146
Q

Acute stage of HIV

A

few weeks after initial infection, flu like symptoms, virus multiplies and infects CD4+T cells

147
Q

Seroconversion

A

Dvpmt of antibodies in response to HIV infection

148
Q

Symptomatic HIV infection

A

Toward end of chronic phase, individuals become symptomatic and have opportunistic infections

149
Q

Crisis stage of HIV

A

Opportunistic infections more sevre. May have ADC (Aids dementia complex); unable to fight simple infections.

150
Q

Myelogenous Leukemia

A

Forms in bone marrow cells that are precursors of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells

151
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

Forms in bone marrow cells that are designed to mature into lymphocytes

152
Q

Acute leukemia

A

fast-growing, aggressive cancers that form blasts

153
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

Doesn’t occur in blast cells, threfore is slow-growing and less aggressive.

154
Q

Four stages to migraine

A

Prodrone, aura, headache, and resolution

155
Q

Migraine treatments

A

Antiemetics (for nausea and vomiting), anti-inflamatory meds/opiates for pain, bx therapy, relaxation therapy, biofeedback

156
Q

Tension headaches

A

Most common headaches, feel like tightening of neck and scalp muscles. Exacberated by noise of uncomfortable environments; more common in women, feels like tight band around head.

157
Q

Cluster headaches

A

Least common type of headache; felt on one side of head behind eye; more common in men

158
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Lesions in brain and spinal cord related to demyelization. Cause unknown. Onset usually in young adults, disproportionally affects women.

159
Q

Relapse-remitting MS

A

Most common; relapses followed by months to years of remission w/no new signs of disease activity

160
Q

Secondary-Progressive MS

A

(65%), progressive neurological decline between acute attacks without any definite periods of remission

161
Q

Primary-Progressive MS

A

(10-15%) Never have remission after initial sx. Progression of disability from onset, with no, or only occasional and minor remissions and improvements

162
Q

Progressive-Relapsing MS

A

Steady decline, but also suffer clear imposed attacks. Least common of subtypes.

163
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

Focal disruption of brain activity, no loss of consciousness, may have changes in sensory perception, dizziness or tingling, involuntary jerking of body

164
Q

Complex Partial seizure

A

Focal disruption in brain, altered level of consciousness adn decreased ability to interact with environment, non-puposeful repetitive mvmts, changed in mood and uncontrollable laughing or fear

165
Q

Absence seizures

A

Involves entire brain, staring (w/lack of awareness) and sometimes subtle body mvmts

166
Q

Myoclonic Seizures

A

Involved entire brain, jerking or twitching o limbs

167
Q

Atonic Seizures

A

Entire brain, associated with loss of muscle tone and results in sudden collapse

168
Q

Grand Mal (tonic clonic)

A

Entire brain, loss of consciousness, stiffening, shaking/convulsing of entire body, sometimes loss of bladder control. May be followed by confusion, fatigue, and headache

169
Q

Vertebrae C1-C7

A

Cervical/neck and arms

170
Q

Vertebrae T1-T12

A

Thoraic/chest and arms

171
Q

Vertebrae L1-L5

A

Lumbar/legs

172
Q

ASIA A

A

No morot or sensor function preserved in S4-S5

173
Q

ASIA B

A

Prserved sensory, but not motor function below injury level and includes S4-S5 (incomplete)

174
Q

ASIA C

A

Motor function preserved below level of injury and more than half of key muscles less than grade 3

175
Q

ASIA D

A

Motor function preserved blow level of injury and more than half of key muscles are greater than grade 3

176
Q

ASIA E

A

Normal neurologica function despite presence of SCI

177
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one half of the body, most common in victims of stroke

178
Q

Paresis

A

weakening in part of body; less severe than overall paralysis

179
Q

Hemiparesis

A

half of body is weakened

180
Q

GCS scores

A

.13 = mild TBI; 9-12 = moderate TBI, ,8 = severe

181
Q

Agonist

A

Medications that enhance synaptic transmission and increase post-synaptic effects

182
Q

Antagonists

A

Medications that inhibit synaptic transmission and decrease post-synaptic effects

183
Q

Competitive Agonists

A

Increase post-synaptic effects by mimicking the neurotransmitter’s effects

184
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

Occupies the binding site and prevents the neurotransmitter from binding, which results in reduced transmission and activity

185
Q

Noncompetitive agonists and antagonists

A

Typically do not share structural similarities with neurotransmitter because they bind to different sites; when bound to a receptor site they alter its shape which changes receptor’s affinity for the neurotransmitter

186
Q

SSRI’s are used for

A

Serotonergic imbalances, depression, some anxiety disorders, OCD, aggressive behavior, irritable-bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and eating disorders (bulimia associated with low serotonin)

187
Q

Side effects of SSRIs

A

Dry mouth, vivid dreams, constipation, sexual dysfunction, nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, changes in appetite, weight loss or gain, suicidality, and liver or kidney impairment.

188
Q

SNRIs used to treat:

A

Anxiety disorders, ADHD, and nueropathic pain. Side effects similar to SSRIs

189
Q

Side effects of TCAs

A

Generally more severe than SSRIs. Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, difficulty with urination, and hyperthermia. Other side effects include anxiety, drowsiness (somonlence), confusion, increased appetite, decreased sexual ability, and some cardiovascular effects

190
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

SSNIs and MAOIs can cause this when taken in combo with SSRIx, tryptophan, illicit substances or some OTC (st. john’s wort). Severe and potentially fatal condition, includes agitation, restlessness, rapid heart rate, dilated pupils, loss of muscle coordination, and cognitive symptoms (hallucination, confusion)

191
Q

Antipsychotics block which receptors?

A

D2

192
Q

Antipsychotic Side Effects

A

Anticholinergic side effects, adrenergic, histaminergic, EPS, dystonia, akathisia, Tardive Dyskenisia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome

193
Q

Anticholinergic Side Effects

A

Dry mouth, difficulty urinating, constipation, blurry vision

194
Q

Adrenergic Side Effects

A

Postural hypotension and sexual dysfunction

195
Q

Histaminergic side effects

A

INcreased sedation and gradual weight gain

196
Q

Extrapyramidal side effects

A

Due to interference with dopamine system; Parkinsonian-like symptoms, body rigidity

197
Q

Dystonia

A

Acute; occurs within a few days of treatment onset, involuntary muscle contractions tha lead to postural abnormalities; difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), uncontrollable eye movements; blank stares (oculogyric crisis)

198
Q

Akathisia

A

A sense of distress and restlessness; rocking back and forth, shuffling, pacing, or other repetitive movements.

199
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Results from chronic antipsychotic use; sx include involuntary, uncontrollable, restless movements (facial grimaces, tongue protrusions, eye blinking, and limb movements)

200
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A

Potentially fatal syndrome; sx include severe muscle rigidity and hyperthermia, diaphoresis, dysphagia, tremor, incontinence, changes in consciouness, mutism, tachycardia, elevated/labile blood pressure, leucytosis, and muscle injury; onset occurs within 4 weeks of beginning neuroleptic meds

201
Q

Benzos used for:

A

GABA agonists results in CNS depression. Used for anxiety disorders (especially panic disorder), agitation, seizures, and muscle spasms

202
Q

Benzo side effects

A

Sleepiness, confusion, impaired judgment, unsteadiness, and anterograde amnesia. Paradoxical effects such as increased anxiety or suicidality may occur.

203
Q

What is the primary site of benzo action?

A

Amygdala

204
Q

Opiate withdrawal

A

Dysphoria, anxiety, watering eyes, runny nose, yawning, sweating, restlessness, irritability, tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased blood pressure and heart rate, chills, cramps, and muscle aches. Can last anywhere from a week to 10 days and are usually not lethal.

205
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Difficulty recognizing faces

206
Q

Auditory agnosia

A

Difficulty recognizing sounds

207
Q

Autopagnosia

A

Difficulty naming body parts

208
Q

Simultagnosia

A

Ability to only recognize one object in a visual field at a time

209
Q

Form Agnosia

A

Ability to see details, but not the whole

210
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

Caused by damage to brain regions involved with early processing of stimuli - stimuli not perceived correctly. Ability to identify perceived object intact, but stimuli sent downstream for identification is jumbled.

211
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Brain damage to later stage of ID process. Objects perceived correctly, but have difficulty identifying object. (May be able to copy object, but unable to accurately name it).

212
Q

Paraprosopia

A

Face is processed normally at first then takes on image of werewolf

212
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid hart rate of 100+ BPM.

213
Q

Bradycardia

A

BPM of less than 60

214
Q

Sx of Delirium

A

Sudden change in cognitive functioning, memory impairments, disruption in language, disorientation and confusion to time and place, reduced alertness, increased distractibility, perceptual disturbances such as hallucinations, changes in mood and personality. Usually associated with underlying disease.

215
Q

Difference between dementia and delirium?

A

Delirium is reverseable while dementia is not.

216
Q

Differences between dementia and pseudodementia

A

Demential is progressive, pseudodementia can improve by treating underlying psychiatric condition. Dementia is gradual, pseudodementia has more sudden onset. Dementia caused by braindegeneration, pseudodementia related to changes in serotenergic and nonadrenergic activity

217
Q

ACH effect on CNS

A

Low levels of ACH found in individuals with Alzheimer’s and associated with confusion/memory loss. ACH agonists my facilitate increased attention, concentration, and memory.

218
Q

ACH effect on PNS

A

Found in ganglia. Has inhibitory effect on PNS (relaxed muscle tone, decreased heart rate, normal digestion)

219
Q

How ACH plays a role in Parkinson’s Disease

A

Associated with increase in ACh levels and decrease in dopamine. Treatments aim to restore balance via DA agonists and ACh agonists.

220
Q

DA and schizophrenia

A

Controversial because research has not been conclusive concerning DA’s role.

221
Q

Anorexia and serotonin

A

Serotonin plays a role in appetite regulation. Anorexic brain shows a lower serotonin/dopamine ratio

222
Q

Brain regions associated with anxiety

A

Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulated cortes, HPA-axis, hippocampus and midbrain.

223
Q

Neurotransmitters and hormones associated with anxiety

A

Increased noradrenergic function, decreased number of GABA receptors or neuromodulator that blocks these sites, elevated levels of cortisol

224
Q

Brain abnormalities of ADHD

A

Right anterior cingulate cortex (focuses attn), right prefrontal cortex (impulse control and decision making), D4 and D5 receptors.

225
Q

Palilalia

A

Repeating words that have been generated by self

226
Q

Neural correlates of autism

A

Abnormal activity in fusiform gyrus (located in ventral temporal lobe and related to face recognition), abnormal activity in amygdala (subcortical bilateral brain region, related to detecting emotional salience of stimuli)

227
Q

Catecholamine Hypothesis of Depression

A

Reduced levels of norepinephrin cause depression and higher levels cause elation

228
Q

Chronic pain and gate control theory proposed by:

A

Melzack and Wall in 1965

229
Q

Best drugs for chronic pain?

A

SNRIs

230
Q

Lazarus’ three forms of cognitive appraisal

A

Primary appraisal - evaluation of the salience of an event.
Secondary appraisal - evaluation of one’s ability to cope
Re-appraisal - monitoring of a situation as necessary and modification of one’s primary and secondary appraisals.

231
Q

toprimate

A

Topomax; Mood stabilizer

232
Q

Tiagabine

A

Garbitril; mood stabilizer

233
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Ritalin and concerta; psychostimulants

234
Q

Dextroamphetamine

A

Dexedrine; psychostimulant; ADHD

235
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac; SSRI

236
Q

Paroxetine

A

Paxil; SSRI

237
Q

Sertaline

A

Zoloft; SSRI

238
Q

Citalopram

A

Celexa; SSRI

239
Q

Escitralopram

A

Lexapro; SSRI

240
Q

Fluvoxamine

A

Luvox; SSRI

241
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Effexor; SNRI

242
Q

Duloxetine

A

Cymbalta; SNRI

243
Q

Imipramine

A

Tofranil; TCA

244
Q

Clomipramine

A

Anafranil; TCA

245
Q

Isocarboxazid

A

Marplan; MAOI

246
Q

Iproniazad

A

Iprozid; MAOI

247
Q

Phenelzine

A

Nardil; NAOI

248
Q

Tranylcypromine

A

Parnate; MAOI

249
Q

Emsam

A

Selegiline - new patch; MAOI

250
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Tegretol; mood stabilizer and anti-convulsant

251
Q

Oxcarbazepine

A

Trileptal; Mood-stabiliaer and anti-convulsant

252
Q

Divalproex

A

Depakote; mood-stabilizer

253
Q

Lorazepan

A

Ativan; Benzo

254
Q

Buspirone

A

BuSpar; anti-anxiety

255
Q

Gabapentin

A

Neuronitn; anti-anxiety

256
Q

propanolol

A

Inderol; beta-blocker/anti-anxiety

257
Q

Short-acting benzos

A

Ativan and Xanax

258
Q

Long acting benzos

A

Valium and Klonopin

259
Q

Flurazepam

A

Dalmane; hypnotic

260
Q

Quazepam

A

Doral; hypnotic

261
Q

Temazepan

A

Restoril; hypnotic

262
Q

Zolpidem

A

Ambien; hypnotic

263
Q

Zaleplan

A

Sonata; hypntoic

264
Q

Eszoplclone

A

Lunesta; hypnotic

265
Q

Benadryl

A

antihistamine and hypnotic

266
Q

OTC and Herbals

A

St. John’s Wort - Depression and anxiety
SAM-e - Depression
Omega-3 - Depression and bipolar

267
Q

Thiothixene

A

Nauane; High potency anti-psychotic

268
Q

Opiates

A

Morphine, oxycodone, methadone

269
Q

Anti-obsessionals

A

Mostly SSRIs and the TCA Anafrenil (clomipramine)

270
Q

Eskalith and Lithonate

A

Lithium carbonate; mood-stabilizer and anti-convulsant

271
Q

Trifluoperazine

A

Stelazine; high potency anti-psychotic

272
Q

Loxitane

A

Loxapine; high potency anti-psychotic

273
Q

Haloperidol

A

Haldol; neuroloeptic; typical antipsychotic; high potency

274
Q

Thorazine

A

Chlopromazine; nueroleptic; typical antipsychotic; low potency

275
Q

Quietapine

A

Seroquil; low potency antipsychotic

276
Q

Clozaril

A

Clozapine; low potency antipsychotic

277
Q

Thioridazine

A

Mellaril; low potency antipsychotic

278
Q

Benzo (names)

A

Xanax, Valium, Ativan, Klonopin, Restoril (used for anxiety)

279
Q

Diazepam

A

Valium; Benzo

280
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A

Librium; benzo

281
Q

Clonazepam

A

Klonopin; benzo

282
Q

Risperidone

A

Risperdal; high potency anti-psychotic

283
Q

Fluphenazine

A

Prolixin; high potency anti-psychotic

284
Q

D- and I-amphetamin

A

Adderall; psychostimulant

285
Q

Arrpiprazole

A

Abilify; high potency anti-psychotic

286
Q

Olanzapine

A

Zyprexa; high potency anti-psychotic

287
Q

Symbiax

A

Syntesis of Olanzapine and Fluoxetine; mood stabilizer and anti-convulsant

288
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Lamictal; mood-stabilizer

EPPP (12 decks)

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