Lifespan Flashcards
Brofenbrenner’s microsystem
Most primary level. Activities, roles, and interactions of an individual in that person’s immediate setting
Brofenbrenner’s mesosystem
Functions as chains in a link; the interrelationships that connect various elements in the microsystem (parent-child conference)
Brofenbrenner’s exosystem
Institutions that influence the child; social settings or organizations beyond the child’s immediate experience that affect the child
Brofenbrenner’s macrosystem
Includes society as a whole; laws, values, and customs of the society in which one lives
Brofenbrenner’s chronosystem
Includes the passage of time and events in history; the ways in whch all of these systems interrelate to each other across time
Vygotsky’s social-cognitive view of development
The suggestion that culture greatly influences learning
Leading causes of death for infants
Commonly connected with problems surrounding birth and congenital abnormalities
Leading causes of death for adolescents
Accidents, homicides, and suicides
Leading causes of death for young adults
HIV infections, accidents, and cancers
Leading causes of death for those aged 45-64
Chronic disease
Leading causes of death for those 65+
Heart disease, cancers, and CVAs or strokes
Damage theories of aging
These theories highlight a number of random processes that cause the deterioration of cells and organ systems
Other names for Turner X Syndrome
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome or Monosomy X
Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY. Men with syndrome tend to be talker, somewhat lower IQ, smaller testicles and sterile
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Deletion or mutation of 15th chromosome. Problems with hypothalamus, regulation of food and hunger. Sx include insatiable hunger, delayed motor skills and cognitive abilities, low muscle tone, short stature, and incomplete sexual development.
Achromatopsia
Disease where the person is not able to distinguish any color at all
Genotype
Characteristic, may be observable or not (carried on the genes)
Phenotype
Observable traits (hair color, height, personality)
Fragile X Syndrome
X-linked condition; causes mental retardation, and in milder forms, can cause learning and emotional problems without significant cognitive deficits
Infants born before _____ week-gestation period is considered preterm.
37th
Full-term infant who is low birth weight is considered:
small for date
Robert LeVine
Developed the idea that, universally, parents have three broad goals that are hierarchical; these include the survival goal, economic goal, and self-actualization goal.
Germinal phase
First two weeks following conception. Teratogens may prevent zygote from attaching to uterine wall
Embryonic period
2-8 weeks following conception. Critical period of development and structural damages are most likely to occur during this time if an embryo is exposed to teratogens
Fetal period
2 mths past conception until child is born. Critical period of organ development.
Colors infants see best
White, green and red. At four months can see many more colors
Infants prefer _______ visual stimuli and at _____ can distinguish mother’s face
face-like, 1 mth
First sense to develop
Touch
Infant perception
Except for vision, most infant senses are well developed at birth.
Infants and taste
Can distinguish four basic tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, and sour) and sensitive to umami. Show preference for sweet and umami.
Infants and hearing
Well developed at birth, better than vision. At birth can distinguish between new sounds and familiar sounds. From birth to 7 mths, start narrowing down sounds to own native language.
Kinetic vision
1 mth: the ability to distinguish three-D pic from its surrounding. At 2 mths, still lacks depth perception
Binocular vision
3 mths: able to use both eyes to perceive one visual stimulus. Color perception poor until about 4 mths.
Pictorial vision
5 mths: Infant recognizes depth in 2-D figures, such as photographs. Before 5 mths, infants can’t reliably turn their heads either.
Social smile
A smile formed in reaction to external situation
Moro reflex
Extending the legs, arms, and fingers, and arching the back in response to being startled.
Suicide among adolescents
Third leading cause of death. Boys more likely to be successful, girls are more likely to attempt. American Indians/Native Alaskans who are non-hispanic more likely to be successful. Hispanics more likely to attempt. Risk factors include previous tempts, depression, psychiatric prob, stressful life events, access to and use of firearms, drugs and alcohol.
Self-efficacy
Refers to what a person believes he or she is capable of doing in a given situation
Adolescent marijuana use
Most widely used drug in the US. 2003 survey of 50,000 students revealed that approx. 50% of highs school seniors admitted to having used in previous year.
Adolescent tobacco use
60% of regular smokers began using before age 14. 90% before age 19.
Adolescents and alcohol
Use of all drugs increases between ages 18-25. Alcohol most common risky behavior and biggest prob in college campuses. 75% have had at least one beverage in last 30 days. CNS depressant.
Undersocialized adolescents
Tend to do poorly in school and are often rejected by their peers.
Contributing factors for adolescent delinquency
Lack of positive role models, environmental stress, peer pressure, identity issues, family problems. Antisocial behavior associated with parenting styles that are: permissive, uninvolved, inconsistent in discipline, lacking in positivity, lacking in supervision. Parental support and monitoring key in keeping youth from criminal activity.
Computer based education
The application of computers in the process of education.
Computer-managed instruction
(CMI) Educators use of computers to keep track of students’ progress or to grade assignments.
Computer assisted instruction
(CAI). Use of computers to enact drills, tutorials, and simulations for educational purposes. Students tend to retain info better, learning rate tends to be faster, tend to create longer and better writing samples, better awareness of writing style, report experience as fun and impartial. Computers are non-judgmental, can be programmed for praise, and eliminate public embarrassment. Younger students tend to benefit most, higher achieving to lesser degree.
Weiner’s Orthogenic Principle
The idea that development progresses from global and undifferentiated states to more differentiated and integrated patterns of response.
Categorical Distinction: 18-24 mths
Infants begin to recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals. Michael Lewis and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn: the rogue experiment. Categorical self: infants have an awareness of who they are as a physical self with a unique appearance and age and gender category. Become aware of race for the first time by 3-4 years of age.
Categorical Distinction at 18 mths
Infants can begin to recognize themselves in the mirror
Categorical Distinction 9 mths or older
Infants begin to realize that they are separate beings from their companions and that they have different perspectives that can be shared. Joint attention: describes infants and their caregiver’s shared perceptual experiences when they look at the same thing at the same time.
Categorical Distinction 2-3 mths
Develop capacity to differentiate themselves from the world, discover things about their physical selves and distinguish themselves from the rest of the world, understand that they can act upon other people and objects.
Infants categorical distinction
Develop an implicit sense of self through the perceptions of their bodies and actions
Dyspraxia
A condition characterized by difficulty with motor skills, including the use of facial muscles to produce speech.
Visual neglect
A condition in which a reader neglect reading a portion of a word, due to visual impairment.
Semantic Dyslexia
Poor performance on tests of rapid automatic naming. Difficulty with word retrieval.
Phonological Dyslexia
Difficulties with word attack skills including phonetic segmentation and blending. Poor non word reading skills; for ex., inability to decipher invented words with no real meaning used to test phonetic skills. Spelling is inconsistent with bizarre letter combinations.
Surface dyslexia
Good ability to sound out words, but read very laboriously. Difficulty learning to recognize whole words visually. Probs deciphering words that do not follow regular grammar rules (skul for school)
Dyslexia
60% of children with dyslexia have phonological dyslexia. 10% have surface dyslexia. 30% have a combination of forms and symptoms.
Attention skills - math disorder
Involve copying figures correctly and observing operational symbols correctly
Perceptual skills - math disorder
The ability to recognize and understand symbols and order clusters of numbers.
Linguistic skills - math disorder
Understanding mathematical terms and converting written problems into mathematical symbols.
Reading disorder
Dx. made after collection data from standard IQ test and educational assessment of achievement. Approx. 60-80% males. Males with condition more disruptive than females. When attn given to both, males and females have comparable rates. Usually dx when child enters kindergarten or first grade. Higher IQ = later dx. LD children do not reach normal levels later.
Montessouri Teaching Method
Dr. Maria Montessori, Italian physician and educator. Learning is related to sensory perception. Children educated through guidance from teachers and fellow students. Children start as being the “student” then teach others. Not pushed to excel, but encouraged to perform @ potential. Initially developed to assist with MR. Effective in general education.
Need for affiliation
Need for a sense of belonging and approval in social group that may affect one’s performance.
Gender and student achievement
Both female and male teachers have greater degree of interaction with male students, thought these interactions tend to be more negative or critical. Both female and male teachers praise females for effort and cooperation, while they praise males for ability and achievement.
Achievement motivation (school)
Learned drive that involves a student’s persistence toward success and excellence. Influenced by culture and family values.
Success in school
Influenced by many factors, including parental support, anxiety, and locus of control. Measured by level of performance that is expected of a student.
Rosenthal effect is AKA:
Pygmalliaon effect or teacher-expectancy effect
Marcia’s identity achievement
Actively struggled and explored several options and then developed his own goals and values. Adolescent has resolved the crisis and made a commitment.
Marica’s moratorium
Has not yet made a definite commitment and is in the active process of struggling with the decision, and exploring interests and needs. Person is in crisis, with an absence of commitment.
Marica’s foreclosure
Aaccepts ready made identity chosen by an authority figure. Absence of crisis for the adolescent, yet a commitment has been made.
Marcia’s Identity Diffusion
Lacks direction, is not committed to goals and values, and is not seriously considering options or trying to develop goals. Both crisis and commitment are absent.
Secondary Aging
Results from disease, disuse, and neglect of the body. May account for much of the deterioration typically associated with growing old.
Primary aging
Upper limit on human life span thought to be due to primary aging, the inevitable changes in physical and mental processes. Explanations for primary aging include programmed theories which hold that aging is genetically controlled, and the wear and tear theory which holds that daily stressors wear out the body’s cells.
Tom Smith
Conducted survey of representative adults in America. Found that percentage of adults with at least some sexual contact declined steadily from age group to age group; however, almost 1/3 of adults in 70s and older were still sexually active.
Rutter’s Resilience
Some children more resilient. Resilient children have: dispositional attributes, family characteristics, and availability and use of external support system by family members. These children have easy temperament, at least avg IQ, and self-efficacy. Family have close emotional tie, w/adult member or an organized family with routines and clear expectations. Girls at lower risk for poor adjustment.
Origins of Rutter’s indicators of adversity
Families on Isle of Wight and inner bough of London. Risks factors w/in family correlated significantly w/childhood mental disturbances. Low SES, criminality of father, overcrowding, maternal psych, chronic marital discord, and institutional care (foster care).
Richard Ferber
Known for parenting technique to aid children in going to sleep. Applied to children 4-6 months of age. Babies should be emotionally and physically capable. Parents teach child to self-soothe and fall asleep. “Progressive Waiting” where parent gradually increases wait time before comforting baby, comfort baby without holding, and eventually baby falls asleep on own.
Adult reactions to death
Middle adulthood - tend to develop fear of death that is stronger than it had been in early adulthood. Late adulthood - less afraid of death and have more contemplative, realistic perception about the subject.
Adolescent reactions to death
Able to speak about death in abstract ways. Tend to believe they are invincible to death.
Children’s reactions to death
First develop understanding of death around age 5. Prior to then, believe death is temporary (like sleep). May believe they were the cause. By age 9, gain an understanding of finality of death. (Coincides with Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage). Parents should be honest and use age-appropriate language.
Ethnic Perspective Taking Ability (EPTA)
Awareness of one’s own race and ethnicity. Children advance through 4 stages. Level 0: Presechool, have capacity to notice differences in ethnicity based on physical differences. By age 4, favorable attitudes toward own group. Stage 1: 5-9 yrs old, gain ability to notice and describe qualities of ethnicity (food, language). Stage 2: 7-12, consider how others might view them, such as prejudice. Stage 3: 10-15, understand ethnicity more in depth and surround selves with own culture.
Chess and Thomas’ Parenting Styles Model
Identified 6 parenting styles based upon the behaviors that the parent brings to the child-rearing task from those that are a response to a child’s behavior; those parent types include secure, insecure, intimidated, over-interpretive, victimized, and pathological.
Authoritative parenting
High degree of warmth, acceptance, and encouragement of autonomy with firm but flexible control. These children are self-reliant, friendly, and confident.
Authoritarian parenting
Highly controlling, show little warmth, ad adhere to rigid rules. Children contribute little to family decision-making process. Their children have difficulty making decisions, considering their parents made all of their decision for them.
Permissive parenting
Exercise little control over their children but are high in warmth. These children tend to show little self-discipline.
Coregulation
The experience of school-aged children sharing control of their behavior with their parents; for example, at this age, children are able to make independent choices about what lunches they buy at school; their parents can make suggestions, but the children have increased choice.
Sibling rivalry
Vary widely, can be loving or conflictual. Helpful in identifying and learning social concepts. Begins early in life, may be related to competing for parent’s attention, may be related to birth order, older children may get more attention or favoritism. Parents may show differences in treatment of family roles. Children of same age and gender tend to be more quarrelsome. With age, more egalitarian.
Reciprocal socialization
The process of children and parents interacting and simultaneously shaping and socializing one another.
Step-families
Reconstituted families usually the result of marriage-death-remarriage. Approx. 50% of divorced individuals w/children remarry within 4 years. Stepparents tend to have extreme forms of parenting shortly after remarriage. Young girls tend to be most oppositional toward parent’s remarriage. Boys tend to fare better with stepparents than girls do. Most children become well-adjusted adults.
Secure base
An infant’s point of safety, represented by their attachment figure, that allows them to explore the environment.
Social Convoy
A core group of significant people who are a source of social support to an individual throughout their life.
Maternal employment
Children of working mothers tend to have more egalitarian view. Middle-class boys of working moms have slightly lower academics than those with non-working moms, but lower-class do better academically than those with moms at home. Lack of supervision is a negative.
Parental imperative
The concept that men and women take on specific roles and psychological characteristics in response to the demands of parenthood.
Children in single-parent homes
Tend to demonstrate lower levels of achievement. Lower achievement may be associated with the effects of low family income or poverty.
