Clinical Psych Flashcards
Who was the father of American psychology?
William James
Where was the first American Psychology Lab?
At Harvard; William James
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
We feel our emotions after our physiological reactions; we feel sad because we cry
William James authored
Principles of Psychology describing his emotion theory in 1890
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
States that when confronted with an arousing event, people first feel and emotion then experience physiological reactions such as sweating, muscle tension, or trembling
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Developed by Schaechter and Singer; states that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and bodily responses to an event.
Covert sensitization
Pairing of imaginative negative consequences with an undesirable behavior. Purpose is to reduce likelihood of the behavior; use of negative mental imagery and rehearsal
Shaping
Using selective reinforcement (approximations) to modify a general response. Building a better bx by dividing it into small increments or steps and then teaching one step at a time until the desired bx is achieved; steps become a series of intermediate goals
Inoculation
Four-phase training program for stress management often used in CBT
Covert modeling
Increase desirable behavior by imagining others performing similar behaviors with positive outcomes; ct imagines specific positive consequences of new behavior; based on simple modeling
Participant modeling
A type of role modeling in which the therapist first engages in a desired behavior, and then through the use of aids the ct gradually moves toward the ability to perform the desired task
Coping Skills Training
Teach cts skills increasing cognitive, behavioral and affective proficiencies; commonly used for managing anxiety-provoking situations; uses positive self-statements and positive imagery
Avoidance conditioning
A form of Operant Conditioning in which an organism is trained to avoid certain responses or situations associated with negative consequences
Collaborative Empiricism
Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy; Ct and therapist are equal partners working together with mutual understanding, communication and respect. Premise is that ct is capable of objectively analyzing his/her own issues and arriving at own conclusions. Uses guided discovery.
Dichotomous thinking
Thinking in absolute terms, like “always,” “every,” or “never”
Emotional reasoning
Cognitive distortion in which individuals use their emotional state as evidence for rationale defending the source stimulus as the “cause” of their emotional state
Magnification
exaggerating negatives
Age of Freud’s oral stage
0-1
Age of Freud’s anal stage
1-3
Age of Freud’s phallic stage
3-6
Age of Freud’s latency stage
6-12
Age of Freud’s genital stage
12+
Suppression
avoidance of thoughts/emotions
Reaction formation
acting or staging feelins in direct opposition to one’s true feelings because those true feelings are unacceptable to the self
Introjection
Deeply identifying with an idea or object
Displacement
expression of thoughts or feelings to a safe target rather than the true target
Sublimation
transforming negative emotions into positive action or behaviors
Frued believed projection was:
root of paranoia
Frued and phobias
displacement of emotions from original object to new of symbolic object
Frued mania/hypomania
polar opposite expression of underlying depression
Frued and anxiety
bolstered defensed in response to id impulses spilling into the ego
Object-cathexis
the id’s investment of the energy into an object that will satisfy an instinctual need
Symbolization
A way of handling inner conflicts by turning them into distinct symbols
La Belle Indifference
A description of the unconcerned attitude toward symptoms that has been seen in Conversion Disorder
Jung focused on (unlike Freud)
Social and aggressive origins over sexual drives; and adult and mid-life experiences over childhood; introduced concept of the collective unconscious
Jung’s self
regulation center of psyche, archetype for the ego
Jung’s shadow
AKA mask, part of oneself that opposes the ego
Jung’s anima
feminine aspect of a person
Jung’s animus
masculine aspect of the person
How did Jung believe neurosis developed?
From conflicting archetypes as people strive to be more fully functioning
Jung’s transference includes:
both personal unconscious and the collective unconscious
What are two areas of interest for Jung?
Universal symbols and the meaning of life are two areas of interest for Jung
Categorical personality traits
Identified extroversion, introversion, orientations toward external or subjective inner worlds. Later these traits became part of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test.
Heinz Kohut
Established self-psychology. Believed that narcissistic personality disorder is really a mask for fragile self-esteem, that people are born with a bipolar structure consisting of immature grandiosity and dependent over-idealization.
Melanie Klein
Known for her work with young children; she is also one of the earliest developers of object-relations theory, taking into account social relationships specifically
Who created the field of child psychoanalysis?
Anna Freud; she discovered that children’s symptoms were different from adults and that their sx were related to developmental stages
Karen Horney
Was most well-known for her work with the neurotic personality that she developed from a childhood filled with anxiety; she id’d 3 ways of dealing with the world: moving toward, again, and away from people
Humanistic psychology
Arose after Freud’s theories. Placed a greater emphasis on a person’s freedom of choice, regarding free will as the person’s most important characteristic. Seldom focused on how psychological probs developed, instead, humanistic psychology was (and is) interested in therapeutic interventions.
William Fairbain
Object-seeking shaped mind and personality, a basic motivation to make and keep connections with other people. Pleasure-seeking is the manner to relate to objects - opposing Freud’s belief that object-related is manner to seek pleasure.
How did Melanie Klein believe child psychoanalysis should be conducted?
Much like adult psychoanalysis, in opposition to Anna Freud
Margaret Mahler
Focus on emergence of individual self thru separation and individuation process. First 3 yrs form lifelong mature object-relations. First mth of life, biological needs dominate. 2nd mth recognition of mother-object, but not different from self (symbiosis), 6-36 mths separation-individuation phase. Successful resolution results in permanence of emotional-object, thus parent exists even when out of sight
Personal Construct Therapy
A psychotherapeutic technique by which a person is assumed to control his or her world via personal constructs and cognitive categories. Therapists guide cts in daily practice at viewing the world in a way and interacting w/people using this novel point of view.
Milan Systematic Family Therapy
An approach to therapy that contends pathology is not contained within an individual, but in the context of the family system. According to this approach, if interactional patterns within the systemic framework (family) changed, so would individual problem behaviors
Ego Psychology
Evolved from Freudian Theory and psychoanalysis; took shape thru Siggy and Anna’s contributions; finalized as distinct theory by Heinz Hartman, “Eg Psychology & the Prob of Adaptation” (1939); focuses on ego functions and person’s interpersonal and socio-cultural context; individuals are innately adaptive
Ego Psychology’s views of the ego
Ego is autonomous and adapts and shapes to the environment; operates thru defenses; personality organized thru interactions w/the world (also shaped by internal needs)
Ego psychology - what causes psychological problems?
Ego deficits and person-environment fit contribute to psychosocial problems
According to ego psychology, what are the ego functions?
Reality testing, judgment, sense of reality, affect and impulse regulation, primary and secondary thought processes and regression in the service of the ego
In Ego Psychology, what is mastery-competence and adaptation?
The ability of the person to develop a “sense of competence” by mastering conflicts, internal needs, and environmental demands.
Ego Psychology and Object Relations
One should from a sense of self and others, and develop relationship to self and others
Self-Psychology
One of the four main schools of psychology, founded by Heinz Kohut; evolved from classic Freudian approach and ego psychology, and highlighted the importance of empathy in therapy. The subjective “I” is the focus of study.
Anna Freud
Focus on social and cultural factors’ influence and shaping of personality; didn’t focus on unconscious conflicts as much as her dad; focused on children (supportive, protective, educational); developed first-known classification system of childhood sx; formalized assmt procedures; looked at developmental level
Anna Freud and the Developmental Line
Series of id-ego interactions that decrease a child’s dependence on external controls and increase ego mastery of themselves and their world. Dependency to emotional self-reliance; sucking to rational eating; wetting and soiling to bowel control; irresponsibility to responsibility in body mgmt; play to work; egocentricity to companionship
Alfred Adler
Viewed neurosis as a result of a faulty lifestyle involving a struggle for power
Alfred Adler was one of the original founders of _______, and developed ___________
Psychoanalysis; Individual Psychology
Individual psychology
Not individualistic, but social. People are viewed within social context. People are motivated to belong. Problems in belonging misdirected to power, revenge, attention, or displays of inadequacy.
Adler believed children’s misbehavior stemmed from these misdirections:
Power struggle, revenge, attention, displays of inadequacy
Adler’s Power Struggle
Belonging gained thru control; compliance diminishes personal value
Adler’s revenge
If a child cannot be in charge, seek revenge; feeling significant only when others hurt in the same way they have been hurt
Adler’s attention
Feeling significant only through attention seeking/engaging in inappropriate behavio
Adler’s displays of inadequacy
Belonging only through complete inadequacy, becoming helpless and incompetent; do not attempt tasks as failure is expected
Adler’s Inferiority Complex
Inferiority motivates ultimate goal fro perfection or develops into neurosis. Neurosis develops from maladaptive efforts to compensate for inferiority. Influenced by family, friends, and birth-order.
Adler’s Goals of Therapy
Increase feelings of community, promote feelings of equality, replace egocentric self-protection, self-enhancement and self-indulgence w/self-transcending, courageous and social contributions. Methods: socratic questioning, assessment, guided imagery, role-playing, problem-focused problem-solving
Premise of psychodrama
Guided dramatic action to examine problems and develop insight, personal growth, and integrate cognitive, affective, and behavioral components for an individual.
Key figure in psychodrama
Jacob L. Moreno, M.D.
In psychodrama, who is the protagonist?
The person representing the “theme” of the drama
In psychodrama, who are the auxiliary egos?
Represent significant others in the drama
In psychodrama who is the audience?
They witness the drama and represent the world at large
In psychodrama, what is the stage?
The physical space to conduct the drama
In psychodrama, who is the director?
The trained psychodramatist
What are the three phases of psychodrama?
Warm-up (theme is id’d and protagonist selected), action (dramatization occurs and protagonist explores new methods for resolution of the problem), sharing (group expresses connection w/the protagonist’s work)
Eric Berne
Examined interactions through communication and scrutiny of habitual patterns of bx/associations. Awareness of intent behind communication (eliminate deceit) resulting in ct’s improved interpretation of personal bx. It was to be broadly applied, even outside of therapy. Believed people are capable of making their own decision and are responsible for their own fate.
Berne’s Therapeutic Levels of Analysis
Structural analysis, transactional analysis, racket and game analysis, and script analysis
Berne’s Structural Analysis
Individual personality analyzed; three separate ego states: Parent (traditions and values that are copied from parental and authoritarian figures), child (creativity, humor, excitement, impulsive parts of personality), and adult (computer processor between ego states and outside world; logical, reasonable, and unemotional)
Berne’s Transactional Analysis
Interpersonal personality analyzed; interaction between ego states of two people; two levels: social (overt) and psychological (covert). Types of interactions: complementary (same ego state), crossed (mixed ego state), ulterior (dual levels of communication)
Berne’s Racket and Game Analysis
Life positions of OKness of self and others. Four positions: I’m okay, you’re okay; I’m okay, you’re not okay; I’m not okay, you’re okay; and I’m not okay, you’re not okay. Rackets and games used to find support for one’s life position. Rackets are habitual way of feeling and games are seeking confirmation (strokes) regarding perspectives of self.
Berne’s Script Analysis
Life patterns at thematic levels analyzed. These are the patterns that virtually dictate life; arise from parents giving their children messages/injunctions.
William Glasser
A developer of reality therapy and choice theory; an advocate for mental health as a public health issue
Reality Therapy
An approach to psychotherapy that focuses on the client’s here-and-now and the means to creating a better future through decision-making and control.
Systemic Therapy
A school of therapy that focuses on the interactional patterns and dynamics among group members in relationships (family and marital therapy).
Thoughts on catharsis (behaviorists, Freud, Yalom)
Behaviorists believe that catharsis is a reduction in an emotional response resulting from extinction. Freud used to emphasize catharsis but this is no longer used in psychoanalysis. Yalom identifies catharsis as necessary for interpersonal learning in group therapy.
According to Yalom, what is the necessary precondition for all other therapeutic factors to occur?
Cohesion
Identification
A defense mechanism in which one unconsciously takes on the characteristics of another person.
Introjection
A defense mechanism whereby someone takes aspects of someone else (in the form of bx, ideas, or feelings) and unconsciously incorporates them into their personality or self-view. The source of the introjection or the introject, is usually someone important in the person’s life.
Reintigration
A person’s attempt to resolve confusion regarding increased awareness of his or her ethnicity due to increased contact with other racial groups by accepting the views of both sides.
Autogenic Training
The use of suggestion and deep breathing to reduce autonomic arousal and induce a sense of relaxation.
Contingency Management
The use of positive or negative reinforcement to increase the frequency of desired behaviors or decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors.
Identification
A defense mechanism in which a person feels anxious about perceived failings and therefore mirrors the behavior of a person they consider successful in order to symbolically borrow that person’s success
Projective Identification
A concept introduced by Melanie Klein in which the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by falsely attributing to another his own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts. The other person, then, conforms to the individual’s fantasy that underlies the projective identification.
Premise of Kohut’s Self-Psychology
Deficits in meeting a child’s needs of mirroring (infant rcvg approval and admiration from parent) and idealizing (presence of an adult worth idealizing) result in unhealthy narcissism. The therapist should provide opportunity for these needs to be met, does not work for narcissism (they are too preoccupied, can’t project)
Premise of Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory
Identified the development of personality from emotional exchanges in a social context.
Sullivan’s three modes of existence
Protaxic: serial sensations, single, unconnected experiences. Parataxic: sequential sensations, temporal causations (hindered parataxic dvpmt is root of neurosis. Transference is a parataxic distortion). Syntaxic: Emerges around age 1. Logic and analytical thinking, language acquisition.
Klerman’s application of Interpersonal Theory to unipolar, non-psychotic depression
Aims to improve current interpersonal relationships to improve depression. Four areas addressed: grief, role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits. Effective for relapse prevention
Motivational Interviewing
A client-centered, directive therapy that aims to enhance intrinsic motivation; this therapy technique is goal oriented and the primary focus is on examining and resolving ambivalence.
Erich Fromm
A neo-Freudian who believed that personality development is largely influenced by societal and economic factors and problems are the result of society preventing people from achieving their true natures.
Three notable humanistic therapies
Client-Centered, Gestalt, and Existential
Gestalt Therapy
Fritz Perls: Focus in discover/reunification of the whole self, identification and awareness of split off parts of the self, emphasizes personal accountability
Existential Therapy
Rollo May and Irvin Yalom: Client’s responsibility for finding/creating meaning and values in one’s life; addressed purpose of death, life, and limitations
Existentialism
A philosophical orientation that posits that humans are born with no inherent tendency toward good or evil, but only with the freedom to make choices that will define their essence.
Wolfgang Kohler
Key figure in Gestalt Therapy. Research surrounding insight learning with apes. Buried food too far to reach, spontaneous use of tools - sticks.
Polster and Polster’s “boundaries that hinder progress.” (Gestalt)
Projection: (Undesirable aspects of oneself results in suspiciousness). Introjection (Taking in what others say without analyzing it for oneself). Retroflection (Directing impulses, such as anger onto self). Deflection (Distancing gained thru distraction, humor, asking questions). Confluence (Seeing oneself as in-line with another, results in lack of awareness of conflicts).
Two phases of Motivational Interviewing
Increasing motivation for change (build rapport, recognize probs, explore ambivalence; useful for precontemplation) and strengthen commitment to the decision for change (goal setting, making bx plans, avoiding roadblocks to success; useful in contemplative stage).
Four principles of Motivational Interviewing
Empathy, pointing out discrepancies between values/beliefs and behaviors, accepting reluctance to change as natural (not resistance as pathology), encouraging self-efficacay.
Self-Control Training
Program developed by William Miller that was first successfully implemented with less-dependent problem drinkers; it is now used in a variety of settings, including classrooms, where the focus is placed on establishing effective self - rather than externally - controlled behavior; some techniques used to accomplish this are self-recording, self-evaluation, self-determination of contingencies, and self-instruction.
Aversive conditioning
A counterconditioning process involving the pairing of a stronger noxious stimulus with the original stimulus resulting in the stronger noxious response
Reciprocal Inhibition
Another counterconditioning technique whereby incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time, thus causing the stronger of the two to inhibit the weaker.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A classical conditioning concept in which an established CS is paired with a neutral stimulus, thereby acting as a US, until it elicits a UR
Shaping
Teaching a desired behavior by reinforcing behaviors that gradually approximate the targeted behavior (“successive approximation”)
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
Learning thru observation of others; Four components: attention, retention, motoric performance, motivation. Sources of reinforcement: external, vicarious, and self-generated. Learning is separate from action and can occur without reinforcement.
Bandura’s reciprocal determinism
Cognitions, behavior and environment all influence each other
Four Assumptions of Social Learning Theory (Based on needs)
Need to establish concrete and observational goals, need to realign w/the contingencies of social reinforcement, need to model appropriate behaviors, need to establish family contracts that seek to develop normal family functioning.
Structural Family Therapy
Focuses on the reorganization of strengthening of family relational structures as the major goal of treatment.
Bowen’s Family Systems Therapy
A direct but non-confrontational approach that zeroes in on the role of the individual in the extended family system.
Interpersonal Therapy
A patient’s presenting problem is related to interpersonal difficulty and therapy is aimed at addressing four primary problems: grief, role disputes, role transitions, or interpersonal deficits
Beck’s Theory of Depression
Maladaptive cognitions and dysfunctional attitudes create a vulnerability (diathesis) that when combined with continued stress results in depression
Beck’s five common errors that can cause depressive symptoms:
Overgeneralization (neg events from one situation will happen in another), selective abstraction (focus on one aspect of situation, ignoring others), magnification (overestimating negative aspects), personalization (attribution of negative feelings of others onto oneself), and dichotomous thinking (all good or all bad judgments)
Beck’s specificity hypothesis
Different types of cognitive content develops different degrees of depressive symptoms.
Beck’s cognitive triad
Negative view of self, negative view of the world, negative view of the future
P. M. Lewinsohn
Associated with the findings that a depressed individual’s self-evaluations reflect an unbiased perception of reality and more accurately correspond with observer evaluations.
Ellis REBT: ABCs and DEFs
Activating events, Beliefs (rational or irrational attitudes about event), consequences (emotional and/or behavioral). Disputing interventions, Effective philosophy adopted, Feelings (new feelings result)
Selective Reinforcement
A behaviorist technique in which only the desired behaviors are rewarded in order to modify behavior
Rehm’s Self-Control Model of Depression
Based on Kanfer’s general model of self-regulation, which explains some bx persist in the absence of reinforcement. Depression occurs due to deficits in each of the self control process: self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. Ex. selective monitoring of negative events, little self-reinforcement for adaptive behaviors, and excessive self-punishment.
