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People and Illness Lectures > Neuropathology of Dementia > Flashcards

Neuropathology of Dementia Flashcards

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People You Should Know flashcards
1
Q

neurodegenerative diseases affecting the cortex

A

Alzheimers

frontotemporal dementia

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2
Q

neurodegnertaive diseases affecting the basal ganglia causing movement disorders

A

Parkinson disease

Huntington disease

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3
Q

neurodegenerative diseases affecting the Cerebellum and spinal cord

A

ataxia 


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4
Q

4 Protein accumulation and inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases

A
  • β-Amyloid
  • Tau
  • Alpha-synuclein
  • TDP-43
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5
Q

4 reasons for alzheimers

A
  • Protein accumulation and inclusions - β-Amyloid,Tau,Alpha-synuclein,TDP-43
  • Reaction (inflammation)
  • Unremitting progression
  • Unknown or genetic cause
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6
Q

list the differential diagnoses for memory loss

A
  • Alzheimer Disease

  • Vascular Disease

  • Drugs, Depression, Delirium
  • 
Ethanol

  • Metabolic
Endocrine (thyroid, diabetes)

  • Neurologic (other dementia’s e.g Lewy body dementia)
  • Tumour, Toxin, Trauma

  • Infection

  • Autoimmune

AVDEMENTIA

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7
Q

what is delirium

A
  • Acute onset
  • Fluctuating conscious level secondary to underlying medical condition
  • Disordered thinking
  • Visual/tacile hallucinations Illusions
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8
Q

what is dementia

A
  • Progressive
  • No alteration in consciousness
  • Primary CNS disease
  • Lack of insight
  • Memory impairment
  • Cognitive impairment
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9
Q

who mainly gets frontotemporal dementia

A

Younger patients: 45-65 year olds

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10
Q

what is frontotemporal dementia

A
  • Sporadic/inherited
  • Frontal lobedys function–behavioural/personality changes, disinhibition, depression, agitation
  • Cognitive and memory impairment
  • Tau accumulation causing Pick’s bodies - Pick’s disease 

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11
Q

what is vascular dementia

A
  • Underlying vascular pathology
  • Hypertensive
  • Vascular risk factors
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12
Q

reversible causes of dementia

A
  • Hypothyroidism Nor
  • mal pressure hydrocephalus
  • Drugs(opiates, sedatives, anticholinergics)
  • Tumours(eg meningioma)
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Chronic subdural haematoma
  • Whipple’s disease
  • Nutritional eg: Pellagra (VitB3 deficiency)
  • Psychiatric disorders
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13
Q

Cognitive decline and dementia do not represent

A

normal ageing

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14
Q

effects of predominantly frontal dementia

A

prominent behavioural alteration

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15
Q

effects of predominantly occipital dementia

A

prominent visuospatial alteration

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16
Q

where is Alzheimers first noticed

A

entorhinal cortex, then the hippocampus.

17
Q

effect of normal aging on memory

A

Increase in forgetfulness after age 50

Slowing of response times

Physical Changes (vision, hearing, sensory/motor impairment)

18
Q

features of Dementia

A
  • Impaired short and long term memory
  • Impairment of intellectual ability
  • Multiple cognitive domains
  • Personality changes
  • Interferes with ADLs/ social interactions
  • Consciousness preserved
19
Q

clinical effect and Primary LB pathology of Parkinsons disease

A

Extrapyramidal movement disorder

Nigrostriatal system

20
Q

clinical effect and Primary LB pathology of dementia with levy body dementia

A

Dementia

Cerebral cortex

21
Q

normal weight of the human brain

A

200-1400g

22
Q

weight of Alzheimers brain

A

950g

23
Q

features of Macroscopic examination of Alzheimers brain

A
  • less weight
  • Thinned neocortical ribbon
  • Loss of white matter
  • Cortical atrophy
  • Sulcal widening and gyral atrophy
24
Q

features of Macroscopic examination of Vascular dementia brain

A
  • Weight 1320g
  • No significant fronto-temporal atrophy
  • Mild/mod basal vessel atheroma
  • Multiple areas of cystic disruption throughout cortex
  • Mild ventriculomegaly 

25
Q

disease with Pallor of brainstem pigmented nuclei

A

Parkinson’s disease

26
Q

main risk factors for dementia

A
  • Increasing age
  • Genetics (APP, Presenilin, APOE4)
  • Downs syndrome
  • Female gender (2/3 with dementia are female)
  • Head injury
27
Q

where does Vascular dementia Small vessel disease effect

A

subcortical

28
Q

where does where does Vascular dementia large vessel disease effect

A

cortical multi-infarcts 


29
Q

3 features of Vascular dementia

A

Stepwise progression

Memory impairment

Lack of insight 


30
Q

dementia with Insidious onset and a Clear history of worsening

A

dementia due to Alzheimers disease

31
Q

Amnestic and Non amnestic symptoms of dementia due to Alzheimers disease

A

Amnestic

episodic memory alteration

Non amnestic

Progressive aphasia

Visuospatial deficit

Executive dysfunction

32
Q

features of dementia with levy bodies

A
  • Progressive cognitive decline
  • Fluctuating consciousness
  • Visual hallucinations
  • Parkinsonism
  • Similar features to AD and PD
  • Pallor of brainstem pigmented nuclei
  • Cortical Lewy bodies
33
Q

symptoms of Mild AD

A

memory loss

confusion

trouble handling money

poor judgment

mood changes

anxiety

34
Q

symptoms of moderate AD

A
  • increased memory loss and confusion
  • problems recognizing people
  • difficulty with language and thoughts
  • restlessness
  • agitation
  • wandering
  • repetitive statements.
35
Q

most common cause of Alzheimers death

A

pneumonia.

36
Q

how does Alzheimers affect the brain

A
  • Affected regions begin to atrophy with associated neuronal loss
  • AD spreads through the brain
  • The cerebral cortex begins to atrophy with more neuronal loss
  • Severe cortical atrophy
  • Pathology throughout the neocortex.
37
Q
A
38
Q
A

People and Illness Lectures (16 decks)

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