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Neuro online course > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

0
Q

in what disease might you see inclusions in very large purkinje cells?

A

Rabies

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1
Q

Betz cells are in what cortex layer?

A

V (5)

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2
Q

spidery cells on a silver stain show what?

A

astrocytic activation: nonspecific GLIOSIS

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3
Q

Red neurons are indicative of what?

A

red dead cells: acute hypoxia

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4
Q

microglial nodules are indicative of what?

A

infections, mostly viral

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5
Q

carrot like red rods are what in path and what are they indicative of?

A

Rosenthal fibers: nonspecific slow process, also in Alexander’s disease from GFAP mutation

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6
Q

lots of blue on a slide is bad unless what?

A

unless in a cerebellar granular layer: otherwise its indicative of lots of inflammatory cells

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7
Q

WHat is laminar necrosis

A

dark line you see on cortex w/ early hypoxic changes

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8
Q

What might you see with elastic stain slides?

A

blood vessel disrupted like in hemorrhage

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9
Q

brown speckles everywhere on gross specimen sugests what?

A

diffuse brain injury

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10
Q

what might you see with silver stained axons

A

axonal accumulation as with DAI in trauma

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11
Q

microglial nodules suggest what on brain biopsy?

A

viral infection

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12
Q

punched out lesions in white matter suggest what?

A

demyelination

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13
Q

negri bodies in purkinje cells suggest what?

A

rabies

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14
Q

Ddx of ring enhancing lesion (3)

A

toxo
bad tumor
lymphoma

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15
Q

A big pink ball with dark dots suggests what?

A

toxoplasmosis (Bradyzoite)

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16
Q

Silver stain with round or cupped shaped cells?

A

cryptococcus

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17
Q

what do macrophages look like and when might you see them?

A

big pink fluffy cytoplasm and displaced nucleus

in MS

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18
Q

Funny lobulated cells around vessels, think of what?

A

Gauchet

19
Q

whorls / psammomatous calcifications?

A

meningioma (whorls - meningioma)

20
Q

cyst with enhancing mural nodule suggests what? (name 3)

A

low grade glioma/tumor: 1. pilocytic, 2. hemangiopericytoma, 3. glioma

21
Q

what does pseudopallisading suggest?

A

necrosis: think GBM vs radiation (geographic)

22
Q

Fried egg appearance *yolk blue

A

oligodendroglioma

23
Q

rosettes (2)

A

medulloblastoma and ependymoma

24
Q

lesion with dense and loose areas on side of nerve?

A

Schwannoma with dense/verocay bodies

25
Q

Signs of neurogenic process on muscle biopsy (3)

A
  1. fiber type grouping
  2. target fibers
  3. small angulated muscle fibers
26
Q

two hallmarks of muscular dystrophy on path

A

1, endomysial fibrosis

2. split fibers

27
Q

nemaline rod what color

A

dark blue

28
Q

perifascicular atrophy seen in what?

A

dermatomyositis

29
Q

in peripheral nerves what does onion bulbs show?

A

demyelination with repeated bouts of degen / regen of myelin

30
Q

balloon neurons found in what two diseases and what do they look like?

A
  1. they are swollen with the cytoplasm is eosinophilic, nucleus off to side (nucleus Pick’s one side)
  2. found in Picks and corticobasal degeneration
32
Q

3 types of neurons particularly vulnerable to hypoxia (RED neurons)

A

Pyramidal hippocampal, pyramidal cortex 3 and 5 layers, purkinje cerebellum (3 PS)

33
Q

Two types of inclusions found in astrocytes (the rest are in the neurons)

A

. Lafora bodies: in cytoplasm of both astrocytes and neurons

Rosenthal fibers: in cytoplasm of astrocytes

34
Q

What are the nuclear inclusions in neurons? (most are cytoplasm, these are the exception and what do they look like / signify)

A

Cowdry A and B :

  • A have halo and are in CMV, VZV, HSV (Angelic, alone)
  • B are (small and many like BBs) and in from polio acute!

Marinesco bodies: red like cherries *type of Cowdry B. in aging

35
Q

Bunina bodies are what and found in what disease?

A

ALS: need to sit on buns

-eosinophilic cytoplasmic neuronal inclusion

36
Q

flame like glial cytoplasmic inclusions; silver stain positive and in oligodendrocytes - made of what and in what disease?

A

alpha synuclein in MSA (multiple system atrophy)

37
Q

LAfora bodies seen in what? what are they?

A

PAS+ introcytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes/neurons

-progressive myoclonic epilepsy and also in lafora body disease

38
Q

What are pick bodies?

A

spherical, introcytoplasmic, basophilic, tau positive, seen with silver staining

39
Q

GFAP marker stains what

A

astrocytes

40
Q

congo red stains what

A

amyloid

41
Q

desmin stains what

A

muscle

42
Q

EMA epihtelial membrane antigen stains what

A

arachnoid

43
Q

PAS periodic acid schiff stains what

A

carbs

44
Q

S100 stains what

A

glia and schwann cells

45
Q

transthyretin stains what

A

choroid plexus

46
Q

vimentin stains what

A

ependymal cells, intermediate filaments

47
Q

PML / AIDS pathology

A

AIDS: Astrocytes bizarre (enlarged with hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei
Inclusions in oligodendrocytes
Demyelination from occipital region
Subcortical white matter

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