Neuropathology Flashcards
in what disease might you see inclusions in very large purkinje cells?
Rabies
Betz cells are in what cortex layer?
V (5)
spidery cells on a silver stain show what?
astrocytic activation: nonspecific GLIOSIS
Red neurons are indicative of what?
red dead cells: acute hypoxia
microglial nodules are indicative of what?
infections, mostly viral
carrot like red rods are what in path and what are they indicative of?
Rosenthal fibers: nonspecific slow process, also in Alexander’s disease from GFAP mutation
lots of blue on a slide is bad unless what?
unless in a cerebellar granular layer: otherwise its indicative of lots of inflammatory cells
WHat is laminar necrosis
dark line you see on cortex w/ early hypoxic changes
What might you see with elastic stain slides?
blood vessel disrupted like in hemorrhage
brown speckles everywhere on gross specimen sugests what?
diffuse brain injury
what might you see with silver stained axons
axonal accumulation as with DAI in trauma
microglial nodules suggest what on brain biopsy?
viral infection
punched out lesions in white matter suggest what?
demyelination
negri bodies in purkinje cells suggest what?
rabies
Ddx of ring enhancing lesion (3)
toxo
bad tumor
lymphoma
A big pink ball with dark dots suggests what?
toxoplasmosis (Bradyzoite)
Silver stain with round or cupped shaped cells?
cryptococcus
what do macrophages look like and when might you see them?
big pink fluffy cytoplasm and displaced nucleus
in MS
Funny lobulated cells around vessels, think of what?
Gauchet
whorls / psammomatous calcifications?
meningioma (whorls - meningioma)
cyst with enhancing mural nodule suggests what? (name 3)
low grade glioma/tumor: 1. pilocytic, 2. hemangiopericytoma, 3. glioma
what does pseudopallisading suggest?
necrosis: think GBM vs radiation (geographic)
Fried egg appearance *yolk blue
oligodendroglioma
rosettes (2)
medulloblastoma and ependymoma
lesion with dense and loose areas on side of nerve?
Schwannoma with dense/verocay bodies
Signs of neurogenic process on muscle biopsy (3)
- fiber type grouping
- target fibers
- small angulated muscle fibers
two hallmarks of muscular dystrophy on path
1, endomysial fibrosis
2. split fibers
nemaline rod what color
dark blue
perifascicular atrophy seen in what?
dermatomyositis
in peripheral nerves what does onion bulbs show?
demyelination with repeated bouts of degen / regen of myelin
balloon neurons found in what two diseases and what do they look like?
- they are swollen with the cytoplasm is eosinophilic, nucleus off to side (nucleus Pick’s one side)
- found in Picks and corticobasal degeneration
3 types of neurons particularly vulnerable to hypoxia (RED neurons)
Pyramidal hippocampal, pyramidal cortex 3 and 5 layers, purkinje cerebellum (3 PS)
Two types of inclusions found in astrocytes (the rest are in the neurons)
. Lafora bodies: in cytoplasm of both astrocytes and neurons
Rosenthal fibers: in cytoplasm of astrocytes
What are the nuclear inclusions in neurons? (most are cytoplasm, these are the exception and what do they look like / signify)
Cowdry A and B :
- A have halo and are in CMV, VZV, HSV (Angelic, alone)
- B are (small and many like BBs) and in from polio acute!
Marinesco bodies: red like cherries *type of Cowdry B. in aging
Bunina bodies are what and found in what disease?
ALS: need to sit on buns
-eosinophilic cytoplasmic neuronal inclusion
flame like glial cytoplasmic inclusions; silver stain positive and in oligodendrocytes - made of what and in what disease?
alpha synuclein in MSA (multiple system atrophy)
LAfora bodies seen in what? what are they?
PAS+ introcytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes/neurons
-progressive myoclonic epilepsy and also in lafora body disease
What are pick bodies?
spherical, introcytoplasmic, basophilic, tau positive, seen with silver staining
GFAP marker stains what
astrocytes
congo red stains what
amyloid
desmin stains what
muscle
EMA epihtelial membrane antigen stains what
arachnoid
PAS periodic acid schiff stains what
carbs
S100 stains what
glia and schwann cells
transthyretin stains what
choroid plexus
vimentin stains what
ependymal cells, intermediate filaments
PML / AIDS pathology
AIDS: Astrocytes bizarre (enlarged with hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei
Inclusions in oligodendrocytes
Demyelination from occipital region
Subcortical white matter
