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Neuroanatomy Flashcards

0
Q

what cell layer forms primitive nervous system?

A

ectoderm

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1
Q

cells from which part of primitive nervous system form melanocytes, odontoblasts, and Schwann cells?

A

Neural crest

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2
Q

What folds and forms to form neural tube and neural crest?

A

neuroepithelium folds and fuses

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3
Q

When does neural tube close in development?

Anterior vs posterior and dz caused

A

4 weeks.
Anterior first at day 25 (failure encephalocele, anencephaly)
Posterior at day 27 (failure: Myelo)

Anterior closes then posterior closes

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4
Q

What induces ectoderm to form primitive nervous system?

A

notochord

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5
Q

Prosencephalon forms what? which in turn forms what?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

  • telencephalon then forms hemispheres and lateral ventricles
  • diencephalon then forms thalamus and 3rd vent
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6
Q

Mesencephalon forms what which in turn forms what?

A

mensencephalon (itself) to form midbrain and aqueduct

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon forms what which in turn forms what?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon which form:
Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, upper 4th vent
Myelencephalon: medulla and lower 4th vent

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8
Q

How many neurons and glial cells *(name three types) in general?

A

neurons: 15 billion

Glial cells: 50 billion: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia

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9
Q

what makes up allocortex and what does it form?

A

Archicortex –> 3 layered hippocampus

Paleocortex –> olfactory cortex

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10
Q

Name 6 cortex layers in neocortex

A 
Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
Polymorphic
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11
Q

role of astrocytes (4) and what they use for these

A
  1. anchors neurons to vessels
  2. vasoregulation via arachidonic acid
  3. removes K+ and nts from synaptic cleft
  4. modulates conduction by propagating calcium waves and releasing calcium
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12
Q

Role of oligodendrocytes

A

myelin production for saltatory conduction

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13
Q

What are the CNS immune cells?

A

microglia

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14
Q

Components of BBB?

A

tight junctions of vascular epithelial cells

Basement membrane

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15
Q

where is the operculum?

A

portion of inferior frontal gyrus: Broca’s

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16
Q

What is Gerstmann syndrome and where is the lesion?

A
  1. r/l confusion
  2. finger agnosia
  3. agraphia
  4. acalculia

DOMINANT parietal

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17
Q

Right way eyes:

seizure vs stroke

A

Eyes point to lesion in stroke and away from lesion in seizure
Applies to frontal eye fields only
(think of paddling ore and which way boat turns)

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18
Q

Damage to what frontal area causes executive function deficits?

A

dorsolateral frontal cortex

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19
Q

what area of frontal lobe causes akinetic mutism?

A

supplemental motor area and anterior cingulate gyrus

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20
Q

what area of frontal lobe causes disinhibition?

A

orbitofrontal

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21
Q

Visual WHERE system is in what lobe?

A

parietal lobe: spatial body and environment map

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22
Q

what causes constructional apraxia, dressing apraxia, anosognosia (denial of deficits)

A

Non dominant parietal

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23
Q

What is Balint’s and what causes it?

A
  1. optic ataxia: can’t guide hand to spot in space visually
  2. oculomotor apraxia: can’t direct eyes in space
  3. simultagnosia

B/l parieto-occipital damage

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24
what is responsible for visual "what"
ventral pathway visual recognition in the temporal lobe
25
what causes prosopagnosia?
temporal lobe damage
26
what syndrome and what causes: | hyperphagia, hypersexuality, visual agnosia
Kluver bucy: bilateral temporal lobe damage
27
Where is the olfactory cortex? | When you get anosmia, what should you think about?
dementia, affects temporal lobes so may be presenting sign
28
What is Anton syndrome and what causes it?
cortical blindness w/ denial and confabulation caused by bilateral occipital lobe damage
29
what causes alexia without agraphia
lesion of left occipital lobe and splenium of corpus callosum. Visual input can't reach the left language center, but motor can reach it so can write (disconnection syndrome)
30
What is Foster Kennedy syndrome? What causes it?
Classic presentation of frontal lobe tumor 1. compression of one optic nerve w/ VF loss 2. compressed CN1: ipsilat anosmia 3. incr ICP so papilledema in opposite eye
31
5 part path of olfactory nerve?
receptor --> bulb --> tract --> cortex --> amygdala
32
periphery of CN 3 carries what fibers?
the parasympathetics, so with compression, iris sphincter and ciliary muscle are impaired first: blown pupil!
33
Edinger Westphal nucleus is for what?
CN 3 parasympathetics: pupil constriction (miosis)
34
CN in back of midbrain?
trochlear CN 4
35
CN 4 and 6 makes eyes looks where
4: to nose (SO4) 6: to ears (LR6)
36
most common isolated nerve palsy?
CN 6 due to very long course
37
pupil sparing CN 3 palsy is likely what?
diabetic, atherosclerotic, vasculitic (inner fibers first damaged)
38
What is Mobius syndrome?
underdevelopment of CN VI and VII causing facial and eye paralysis
39
What is Duane syndrome?
congenital absence of CN VI
40
Localize: 3rd nerve palsy and contralat hemiparesis
Midbrain infarct: gets CN3 and CST in cerebral peduncle
41
In CN 4 palsy, explain head tilt
down (chin tucked) and away from lesion to abduct affected eye
42
Localize: CN 6 palsy with contralat hemiparesis
Pontine infarct: gets CN 6 and CST passing through
43
Horners: PNS or SNS | Fibers travel with what?
SNS!!! Sympathetic NS! fibers travel with ICA
44
Parasympathetic does what to eyes?
constricts: causes miosis
45
What is light-near dissociation? | What is the syndrome and what causes it?
accomodate but don't react to light (Argyll Robertson) | -neurosyphilis
46
What is Adie's myotonic pupil?
Mid-dilated pupil poorly reactive to light caused by degeneration of ciliary ganglion or post-ganglionic neurons
47
What is Parinaud's (4)? What causes it?
1. sunsetting (upgaze paralysis) 2. light-near dissoc 3. convergence-retraction nystagmus 4. eyelid retraction (Colliers) Dorsal midbrain syndrome
48
What is the ciliospinal reflex?
pinching side of neck causes ipsilat sympathetic activation --> pupil dilation
49
Horners? (3)
1. anhidrosis 2. miosis (small pupil) 3. ptosis
50
what causes hypo-acusis?
Lesion of V3 (tensor tympani)
51
Which way does jaw deviation go in lateral pterygoid (CN 5) weakness?
jaw deviates to weak side
52
what causes hyperacusis?
stapedius muscle weakness (CN VII)
53
Auditory 4 step pathway?
1. receptors to cochlear nerve to cochlear nuclei (ventral and dorsal) 2. inferior olivary nuclear complex 3. inferior colliculi 4. medial geniculate body
54
What is MLF important for?
for vestibulo ocular reflex
55
cold calorics rule?
COWS: cold pushes eyes to opposite side with fast nystagmus away Warm pushes eyes to same side with fast nystagmus toward
56
Sensation of external ear and auditory meatus?
CN IX
57
Taste posterior 1/3 tongue
CN IX
58
Ipsilateral scapular winging and can't turn head to opposite side?
Trapezius and SCM weakness from CN XI lesion
59
The only facial nuclei that when hit will cause a paralysis instead of weakness (not bilaterally innervated)
Hypoglossal and facial
60
What is in the cavernous sinus?
3, 4, 5 (V1 and V1), 6, and Carotid artery
61
what CN is not in the WALL but the lumen of the cavernous sinus?
6 - not protected
62
What is talosa hunt?
granulomatous inflammation of cavernous sinus OR superior orbital fissure
63
What makes up the striatum?
caudate and Putamen
64
4 components of PD | Pathophys?
TRAP: 1. Tremor, 2. rigidity, 3. Akinesia (bradykinesia), 4. postural instability Loss of DA in substantia nigra
65
Pathophys of Huntington?
caudate degeneration
66
Pathophys of hemiballismus?
Subthalamic nucleus damage
67
What are the interposed nuclei? Where are they?
The emboliform and globose cerebellar nuclei: | Location is lateral to medial: DEGF (DIF): Dentate, Interposed, Fastigial
68
Which nucleus in cerebellum is involved in motor planning, timing, cognition?
Dentate: most lateral w/ lateral hemispheres
69
Type of tremor with cerebellar lesion?
intention overflow tremor
70
Sensory Dorsal Column: What two sections and which is more medial?
Cuneate (lateral) | Gracile (medial)
71
Dorsal column pathway and spinothalamic pathway synapse where in the thalamus?
VPL
72
TAbes dorsalis from what and what does in effect?
syphilis | Posterior columns
73
Subacute combined degeneration - from what and what does it affect?
Vit B12 def, affects lateral CST AND posterior columns: motor and sensory
74
Ventral artery occlusion spares what part of the SC?
posterior columns
75
Anterior vs posterior hypothalamus and autonomic functions?
Anterior: parasympathetic: excitatory Posterior: sympathetic: excitatory
76
Trigeminothalamic input and taste relay to what thalamic nuclei?
VPM
77
LGN vs MGN of thalamus?
LGN: visual MGN: auditory
78
VL nucleus of thalamus is for what? Projections and purpose?
Cerebellum and BG input to motor/supplementary motor for smooth precise movements
79
VA thalamic nucleus is for what?
Input from GP and SN to prefrontal and premotor cortex
80
What is pulvinar for in thalamus?
integrates visual, auditory, somatosensory input
81
What is Dorsomedial thalamic nuclei for?
limbic, affected in Wernicke Korsakoff
82
What is anterior thalamic nuclei for?
hypothalamic input to cingulate and to limbic (emotion)
83
Centromedian thalamic nuclei is for what?
basal ganglia relay to cortex
84
Relationship between dopamine and prolactin?
dopamine inhibits prolactin
85
What does somatostatin do?
inhibition of GH and TSH release from hypothal to pituitary
86
What makes up the choroid plexus?
invagination of vascular pia and ependymal cells
87
CSF flow path:
``` Lateral ventricles Foramen of monro 3rd V aqueduct 4th v Foramen of Magendie (medial) and Luschka (lateral) subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations --> dural sinus ```
88
CSF volume CSF pressure CSF production
volume: about 200mL Pressure: 100-180 supine, to 300 sitting Production: 12-40cc/hr
89
Name the 4 herniation syndromes:
1. cingulate (subfalcine) 2. Central from b/l uncal 3. transtentorial w/ posterior fossa 4. cerebellar tonsillar
90
subdural hemorrhage from?
bridging veins
91
What is arterial supply of basal ganglia?
Anterior choroidal off of the ICA
92
Nerve for sensation of posterior cutaneous nerve of arm/forearm and dorsum of first three digits?
Radial
93
SNS and PNS for penile erection/ejaculation
Erection: PNS Ejaculation: SNS
94
GEneral rules about CN and brainstem part: Midbrain Pons Medulla
MB: 1-4 Pons: 5-8 Medulla: 9-12
95
muscle and nerve responsible for the first 15 degrees of shoulder abduction and the rest of the abduction
supraspinatus nerve innervates suprascapular muscle : C5 and C6 Deltoids then take over

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