Neurology

Question 1

What are the symptoms found in Cortical Dementias

Answer 1

Aphasisa, Apraxia, agnosia, amnesia, visual spatial defects, Palmomental reflext, snout and routing reflexes and gegenhalten resistance

Question 2

What are the symptoms found in Sub-Cortical Dementias

Answer 2

Mental slowness, bland look, tremor, bradykinesia, executive function (Frontal lobe, test with verbal fluency, perseveration, r/l orientation, calculation, similarities, cognitive estimates, proverbs)

Question 3

Describe the function of the orbitofrontal sub-system

Answer 3

Maintains socially appropriate behaviors (lesions cause risk taking, impulsivity, anger outbursts, and the frontal disinhibition syndrome) Remember that the orbitofrontal area inhibits the limbic system and a lesion will cause primitive emotions to be unregulated

Question 4

How do you differentiate orbitofrontal disinhibition from mania?

Answer 4

orbitofrontal disinhibition will have diminished cognitive abilities compared to mania

Question 5

Describe the function of the mesial frontal sub-system

Answer 5

Maintains drive for socially contact, lesions here will cause an apathy and disinterest in socialization. Not Depression.

Question 6

Describe the function of the dorsal lateral subsystem

Answer 6

Responsible for organization and planning (executive system proper) Lesions here causes difficulty with the synthesis of linking complicated tasks, such as cooking, balancing a check book…executive syndrome

Question 7

During the 3rd week of embryonic development the embryo divides into three parts. Name them and what they give rise to.

Answer 7

Epidermal layer- Skin, Nails, Sweat Glands, CNS
Mesodermal Layer- Bones, cartilage, muscle, vascular tissues
Endodermal layer- Gut/Respiratory system.

Question 8

What week in embryonic development does the Neural Tube form?

Answer 8

Week 4

Question 9

At week 8 the embryonic CNS system has developed into the Forebrain, Midbrain and hindbrain. What will these sections divide into?

Answer 9

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)- Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)- Mesencephalon
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)- Metenecephalon and Myelencephalon

Question 10

When does an individual have the most neurons in their life?

Answer 10

4.5 months in development.

Question 11

When does the brain peak in size?

Answer 11

Around age 6

Question 12

What are the clinical features/diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 12

A: Paroxysmal attacks of pain lasting from a fraction of a second to 2 minutes, affecting 1 or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve and fulfilling criteria B and C (below).
B: Pain has at least 1 of the following characteristics: intense, sharp, superficial or stabbing; or precipitated from trigger areas or by trigger factors.
C: Attacks stereotyped in the individual patient.
D: No clinically evident neurologic deficit.
E: Not attributed to another disorder.

Question 13

Describe Anomic Aphasia

Answer 13

In anomic aphasia, individuals are not able to name objects. Comprehension and naming remain intact. This condition is often the result of small strokes.

Question 14

Describe Conduction Aphasia

Answer 14

Conduction aphasia involves the inability to repeat, but comprehension remains intact. This is described as a fluent aphasia, and the lesion is an embolic stroke localized to the temporal or parental lobe.

Question 15

Describe Weirnicke aphasia

Answer 15

Wernicke aphasia is a fluent aphasia with a loss of comprehension, repetition, and naming. Paraphasia is a feature of this disorder that includes incorrect, meaningless, nonsensical words. The lesion is localized to the temporal or parietal lobes.

Question 16

Describe pure word deafness or verbal agnosia

Answer 16

Pure word deafness or verbal agnosia affects the processing of verbal speech and, as a result, individuals cannot comprehend language.