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SAM > Neurology 3 - Conditions Involving all Four Limbs > Flashcards

Neurology 3 - Conditions Involving all Four Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What is cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

Canine Wobblers, type II disc degeneration at C6/C7 in Dobes and Rotties

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2
Q

Two types of cervical disc disease

A

type I - hyaline degeneration, disc explodes into cervical SC
type II - canine wobblers/cervical spondylomyelopathy

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3
Q 
Most prominent sign of cervical disc disease?
A) tetraparesis
B) pain
C) incontinence
D) paralysis
A

B - pain
the cervical spinal column has more space so a protruding disk doesn’t affect neural function as much as a prolapsed disc in the thoracolumbar region

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4
Q

How would you diagnose type I cervical disk disease?

A

inject contrast into cisterna magna, should see prolapsed disk and narrowing of spinal column

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5
Q

How would you treat type I cervical disk disease?

A

cage rest, physio to maintain muscle mass, NSAIDs with prednisone intermittently, can do Sx: modified slanted slot

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6
Q

T/F: there is more spinal cord compression in Wobblers compared to type I cervical disc disease

A

True because with Wobblers there is bone tipping and the craniodorsal ridge causes a stenosis (whereas in type 1 this is not seen) as well as osteophyte formation into the column

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7
Q

Signalment of Wobblers

A

Great Danes 3-18m, Dobes 5-8y

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8
Q

Clinical signs of Wobbler’s disease

A

head guarding, neck pain, pelvic signs (wobbling, paresis), mild CP deficit and stiff gait in forelimbs, atrophy of supra and infra spinatus

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9
Q

An owner brings his Doberman in because the dog is showing signs of severe neck pain. There are no other clinical signs. Is it possible this dog has Wobbler’s?

A

yes, 15% of cases only sign is neck pain

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10
Q

How can you diagnose Wobbler’s disease?

A

traction radiographs - tipping, stenosis, rounding, decreased disc spaces, degeneration in articular facets.
dynamic MRI is better

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11
Q

how would you treat Wobblers

A

each case different
palliative, disease is progressive
can do Sx for decompression, stabilization

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12
Q

How would you treat an upper motor neurone bladder

A

phenoxybenzamine
prazosin
tamsulosin

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13
Q

What is Atlanto-axial subluxation?

A

spinal cord decompression due to dorsal displacement of the axis

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14
Q

Signalment of Atlanto-axial subluxation

A

small breed dogs
dens doesnt develop = instability between C1 and C2
also large breeds exposed to trauma

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15
Q

How would you diagnose atlanto-axial subluxation?

A

radiographs - don’t manipulate neck

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16
Q

Signs of atlantoaxial subluxation

A

neck pain to tetraplegia, respiratory paralysis

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17
Q

T/F: hemilaminectomy + wiring/screwing works well on small bones and is 100% effective at treating atlanto-axial subluxation

A

false

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18
Q

Another name for caudal occipital malformation syndrome

A

chiari 1 malformation syndrome

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19
Q

What is the main brain lesion seen in caudal occipital malformation syndrome?

A

cerebellum slips through the foramen magnum, see dilation of central canal caudal to area, pressure damage to spinal cord

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20
Q 
Caudal Occipital malformation syndrome seen in 50% of
A) Dobermans
B) Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
C) Yorkies
D) Labs
A

B - CKCS

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21
Q

Treatment for caudal occipital malformation syndrome

A

Gabapentin, prednisone, FMD (foramen magnum decompression)

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22
Q

Causes of infectious myopathies

A

toxoplasma
neosporum
Lyme
Hepatozoan

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23
Q

What is canine idiopathic polymyositis

A

immune mediated disease of large mature dogs
weakness, stiffness, rapid fatigue, atrophy
can see pyrexia, pain, regorge,bark, dysphagia, ventroflexion of head
Tx: immunosuppressants

24
Q

T/F: can give azathioprine for sparing of prednisone dose (decrease steroid levels) in dogs

A

True

25
Q

T/F: cats must receive azathioprine when being treated with prednisone

A

false, cats are less susceptible to effects of long term prednisone use

26
Q

Masticatory muscle myositis

A

large breeds <4y
waxing and waning phases of painful swollen muscles, pseudotrismus fever
Tx with prednisone + azathioprine for steroid sparing effects

27
Q

Extraocular myositis

A

autoimmunity to component of extra ocular muscles
golden retrievers and large breeds, 6-18m
bilateral exophthalmos
PO corticosteroids, may need chronic prednisone

28
Q

Exertional myopathy

A 
post exercise, increased serum CK, renal failure
grey hounds and working dogs
painful muscles and rigidity
Tx with fluid, bicarbonate, rest
animals tend to die from renal failure
29
Q

Hypokalemia

A

cats with K deficient diets, acidic diet, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism
CS: persistent ventroflexion of the neck, stiff gait, resistance to move, no neuro deficits
serum CK elevated, K decreased
Tx with oral supplementation

30
Q

Feline Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy

A

sudden onset of weakness, cervical ventroflexion, inability to jump, muscles may be painful
Tx: prednisone

31
Q

Limber Tail

A

pointer sand labs
flaccid tail becomes painful
Tx with NSAIDs and rest

32
Q

Dystrophic myopathies

A

young animals
inherited deformities of the skeleton
stunting, weakness, gait abnormalities, trismus, muscle atrophy with fibrosis

33
Q

Non-dystrophic myopathies

A

Central Core Like - Danes
Nemaline rod - cats, blue merle border collie
Congenital degenerative myopathies - labs, retrievers, chows, bouviers

muscle wasting, weakness, can’t hold head up

34
Q

Metabolic myopathies

A

hypo and hyperthyroidism
hyperadrenocorticism
enzyme deficiencies (glycogen storage disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)
exercise induced collapse (EIC) in labs

35
Q

Myotonia

A

chows, westies, danes, cats
fainting goats
sustained depolarization of muscle fibers
dimbling of muscle, stiff gait, slow CP, clonic reflexes

36
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

skin lesions 2-6m then weakness, megaesophagus
resolves, chronic waxing and waning
collies
tx: pentoxifylline

37
Q

Feline hyperesthesia syndrome

A

5-8y pure breeds
intermittent, twitching, grooming, agitation, vocalization, running, aggression
allergies, SC lesions, myositis, behaviour changes, seizures
including body myopathy
poor prognosis

38
Q

Two types of Myasthenia gravis

A

Congenital (born without Ach receptors) and Acquired (autoantibodies to Ach receptors)

39
Q

Classical presentation of myasthenia gravis

A

weakness following exercise

40
Q

Describe acute. vs chronic myasthenia gravis

A

Acute - sudden development of flaccid paralysis, hypotonicity, severe regurgitation (predisposes to inhalation pneumonia), weakness, resp failure
Chronic - exercise intolerance, megaesophagus

41
Q

Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis?

A

Tension test - inject edrophonium and look for improvement

Best test - AchR antibody test/immune complex

42
Q

Treatment of myasthenia gravis?

A

Pyridostigmine increases Ach concentration in the synapse

Congenital and acute cases have poor prognosis

43
Q

MoA of Botulism?

A

Botulin toxin blocks Ach presynaptically

44
Q

CS of botulism

A

tetraparesis, flaccid paralysis, CN signs, difficulty breathing

45
Q

Dx of botulism

A

presence of toxin in faces

46
Q

Best tx of botulism

A

supportive care

47
Q

2 ticks that can cause tick paralysis

A

dermacentors, ixodes

48
Q

MoA of tick paralysis

A

block nerve conduction or decrease Ach

49
Q

Tx of tick paralysis

A

remove ticks

50
Q

Signs of tick paralysis

A

tetraparesis, LMN signs

cranial nerves, sensation and continence spared

51
Q

MoA of tetanus

A

C. tetani neurotoxin enters puncture wound and travels to spinal cord and blocks inhibitory neurons

52
Q

Signs of tetanus

A

sardonic facial expression,

whole animal is stiff (cats usually just one limb)

53
Q

Tx of tetanus

A

supportive care, Ace to relax muscles, penicillin to kill bacteria, feeding tubes

54
Q

Acute canine polradiculoneuritis/Coonhound paralysis

A

inflammation and demyelination of ventral roots
saliva from racoons
ascending LMN paralysis and tetraplegia
cranial nerves, sensation and continence spared
recovery after weeks/months

55
Q

Protozoal polyradiculoneurititis

A

toxoplasma or neospoa canine
many dogs subclinical carriers, others show progressive posterior paresis
Dx - send 2 samples a while apart to look for increasing concentration
Tx - trimethoprim or clindamycin

SAM (48 decks)

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