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SAM > Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 2 > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Clostrididum botulinum

A

gram positive, straight to slightly curved, motile, anaerobic rods
grows best in anaerobic conditions with warmth
disease caused by ingestion of toxin
found in wounds, food, fly maggots

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2
Q

Botulinal toxins

A

LMN disease/paralysis - prevent presynaptic release of Ach at neuromuscular junction

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3
Q

Diagnosis of clostridium botulinum

A

Clinical signs, EMG, find toxin in serum, feces, vomitus or stomach content
mouse inoculation test

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4
Q

Treatment of clostridium botulinum

A

supportive care, anti toxin not useful because doesn’t contain specific type C antitoxin
antibacterial - metronidazole or penicillins

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5
Q

Prevention of clostridium botulinum

A

heat food
vaccination against toxins type A, B, C, D, E
dogs and cats quite resistant but can still become infected

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6
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

gram positive, motile, anaerobic, spore-producing bacterium

tetanus caused by neurotoxin found in C. tetani

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7
Q

Two neurotoxins found in C. Tetani?

A

tetanleptin - causes hemolysis of erythrocytes (not as important)
tetanospasmin - causes neurological dysfunction by inhibiting motor neurons

toxin migrates up the motor nerves and can enter spinal cord, and ascends into brain. also affects cranial nerve
toxin inhibits release of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (inhibitory neurotransmitters)

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8
Q

Clinical Signs of C. tetani infection

A 
ear drawn back
sardonic grin
trismus
salivation 
dysphagia
gait - ambulatory but rigid
progress to opisthotonus, convulsions and respiratory compromise --> death
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9
Q

Diagnosis of C. tetaniinfection

A

CS, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrythmia, megaesophagus on rads, isolation of bacteria from wound (difficult)

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10
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding treatment of C. tetani?
A) toxin wears off over 3-4w during which time supportive care is needed
B) there is no antitoxin
C) antibiotics such as metronidazole or penicillin G to treat and reduce toxin formation
D) sedatives to control seizures and convulsiosn

A

B - there is an antitoxin - best to give IM

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11
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

can potentially produce diarrhea
not all species are toxin producing strains
CS: acute hemorrhagic diarrhea - small and large bowel signs
Diagnosis: detection of fecal toxin, cell culture and cytotoxicity assay is gold standard. can also do serology but not as good. Detection of organism with PCR or ELISA
Treatment: metronidazole

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12
Q

Mycoplasma haemocanis

A

transmitted through brown tick, rhipicephalus sanguine
splenectomy required before CS develop (though uncommon in dog)
Dx: PCR or organism on blood smear
Treatment - doxycycline

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13
Q

Canine Bartonellosis

A

epidemiology poorly understood, likely get it from dog bites, fleas, and cat scratches
Dx- serology (but 50% sensitive because cross reactions with rickettsial app), bacterial isolation (PCR)
Tx: no evidence based medicine, we use doxy and enrofloxacin/rifampin for dogs and doxy and pradofloxacin in cats

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14
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by:

A

rickettsia rickettsia

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15
Q

Monocytotrophic ehrlichiosis caused by

A

Ehrliche canis, E. chaffeensis

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16
Q

Granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis caused by

A

E. ewingii

17
Q

Granulocytotrophic anaplasmosis caused by

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum

18
Q

thrombocytotropic anaplasmosis caused by

A

A. platys

19
Q

Salmon poisoining

A

neorickettsia helminthoeca

20
Q

Pathophysiology for most rickettsial diseases

A

rickettsiae enter blood, replicate in the endothelial cells –> vascular damage and increased vascular permeability and leakage of fluid/erythrocytes into extravascular space
vasculitis leads to thrombocytopenia and decreased albumin (peripheral edema)
petechiation, bleeding, lameness

21
Q

Ehrlichial organisms (E. Canis, E. chaffeensis)

A

vectors: rhipicephalus spp, amblyomma americanum
infects mononuclear cells - often get lymphadenopathy
infected cells stick to vascular endothelium = vasculitis = clinical signs

22
Q

Anaplasma organisms

A

A. equi or A. ewingii - infects neutrophils, lameness, fever, joint swelling and pain

A. phagocytophilum - infects neutrophils, vector = ixodes, anemia and leukopenia

A. platys - cyclic thrombocytopenia, found in platelets, vector = rhipicephalus and dermacentor spp

23
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

vector - dermacentor variables, cannot diagnose on blood smear
blood tests for PCR, antibody count
skin biopsies - multifocal areas of crusting on the skin, can be erosive
rickettsia rickettsia

24
Q

Diagnosing rickettsial disease

A

blood smear/cytology - lucky to find the organism
serology - look for antibodies against organism (IgM or IgG if long term infection)
PCR

25
Q

Minimum data base expected with rickettsial disease

A

hematology - thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, anemia (regen if due to blood loss or destruction, non region if organism in bone marrow causing pancytopenia)
chemistry - hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
urine - proteinuria

26
Q

T/F: lab changes for rickettsial diseases are the same as those for borreliosis

A

true

27
Q

Other signs associated with rickettsial diseases

A

cardiac - AV blocks tachycardia, arrhythmias
CNS - vestibular and cerebellar signs, coma, paralysis
ocular - hemorrhage (retinal)
renal - azotemia (glomerulonephritis)
pulmonary - edema
GI - vomiting, diarrhea, melena
integument - petechial bleeds, epistaxis

28
Q

Chronic rickettsial diseases mainly due to

A

E. canis

29
Q

treatment of rickettsial diseases

A

doxycycline

30
Q

Prevention of rickettsial diseases

A

tick control, ensure blood donors are sero-negative

31
Q 
Which of the following is NOT zoonotic?
A) E. chaffeensis
B) E. ewingii
C) A. equi
D) A. phagocytophilum
A

C - A. equi

32
Q

Salmon poisoining

A

Neorickettsia helminthoeca
fever, serum to purulent ocular discharge, periorbital edema, vomiting and diarrhea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
Dx - fluke eggs, rickettsial inclusions in lymph nodes
Tx - supportive care and tetracycline/doxycycline

SAM (48 decks)

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