Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Signalment for canine DM

A

middle aged - older (5-12y), though seen in juveniles rarely

females may be more prone

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2
Q

Type 1 diabetes cause and species

A

failure of pancreatic beta cells, more common in dogs

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3
Q

type 2 diabetes cause and species

A

insulin resistance and beta cell burnout, more common in cats

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4
Q

Signs of DM in dogs

A

PU/PD/PP and weight loss

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5
Q

Signs of DM in cats

A

no typical presentation

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6
Q

Causes of feline insulin resistance?

A

obesity/diet, chronic hyperglycaemia, endocrinopathies

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7
Q

6 factors that complicate DM

A

obesity, infectious (UTI, pyelonephritis), chronic illness (pancreatitis), hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, acromegaly

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8
Q

most common cause of UTI

A

E. Coli

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9
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

functional pituitary resulting in excess GH

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10
Q

What is transient diabetes?

A

diabetic remission

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11
Q

What is DKA??

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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12
Q

What are signs of DKA?

A

dehydration, hypovolemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, weakness, dullness, vomiting, anorexia, ketone breath, collapse, death

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13
Q

Which is false regarding the neuropathies involved with DM?
A) plantigrade posture when standing or walking
B) sensorimotor neuropathy in pelvic and thoracic limbs
C) Axonal degeneration
D) marked decreases in nerve fructose

A

D - there are marked increases in nerve glucose

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14
Q

T/F there is significant association between presence of abnormal pulmonary histopathology and DM

A

True - congestion and edema, pneumonia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis

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15
Q

2 ocular changes that can be seen due to DM

A

retinal or cataracts

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16
Q

Clinical signs of a “healthy diabetic”

A

PU/PD, weight loss, PP, dry, flaky skin, plantigrade stance

17
Q

2 initial diagnostics for DM

A

blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) and urine dipstick (glucosuria)

18
Q

Lab abnormalities seen in DK patient?

A

hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis, decreased Na, Cl, K, P, Mg

19
Q

Therapy for healthy diabetic

A

insulin therapy diet, oral hypoglycaemics? monitoring, long term care

20
Q

T/F: regular insulin is short acting

A

true

21
Q
Which insulin types are intermediate acting?
A) regular
B) NPH
C) Lente
D) PZI
A

NPH and Lente!

22
Q
Which insulin types are long acting?
A) NPH
B) Lente
C) PZI
D) Ultralente
A

PZI and ultralente

23
Q

Which of the following insulins is not U-40 formulation?
A) Vetsulin
B) PZI vet
C) Glargine

A

C - glargine, is U100 formulation

24
Q

Starting insulin therapy

A

1/4 to 1/2 unit/kg body weight BID
lower dose if obese
first dose is test dose

25
Q

Which is FALSE regarding mechanisms of oral hypoglycaemic agents?
A) stimulate insulin release from pancreas
B) increase hepatic glucose production
C) reduce glucose absorption form GI tract
D) increase peripheral glucose uptake

A

B - it decreases hepatic glucose production

26
Q

T/F: oral hypoglycaemic agents are effective when used alone in treating DM cats

A

false

27
Q

An owner calls you because he just checked the urine of his diabetic cat and it was positive for ketones. What do you suggest?

A

client probably needs an appointment and should come in

28
Q

A client calls you because her DM cat has had high glucose the past few days. What do you suggest

A

bring cat in for PE and potential insulin adjustment

29
Q

Two things that falsely lower fructosamine levels

A

marked hypoproteinemia

hyperthyroidism

30
Q

How often should you recheck a well controlled DM cat

A

3-4m

31
Q

How do you treat a “complicated” DM cat?

A

treat concurrent diseases
attempt to control DM clinical signs with therapy
consider quality of life
requires long-term commitment of owner and DVM

32
Q

Which insulin is preferred by our professor?

A

NPH! intermediate acting and cheap