Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 1 Flashcards by Bianca Ferlisi

Which of the following is TRUE regarding salmonellosis?
A) it is caused by Salmonella enteric, a gram positive bacteria
B) Causes severe respiratory clinical signs
C) is zoonotic
D) a positive fecal test indicates salmonellosis

C is true
A - it is gram negative
B - causes enteric signs
D - positive isolation doesn’t indicate it is the cause of the disease

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Clinical signs of salmonellosis

none to mild to severe gastroenteritis
vomiting and diarrhea that is watery to mucoid to hematochezia
can result in hypovolemia +/- neutropenia

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Treatment of Salmonellosis

for severe cases, isolation, IV fluids, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulphonamide, amoxicillin, ampicillin

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Which of the following is FALSE regarding campylobacter?
A) gram negative, curved, slender, motile rod
B) many dogs and cats are asymptomatic carriers
C) is not zoonotic
D) can be diagnosed by microscopic examination

C - campylobacter is zoonotic

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Clinical signs of campylobacter

large bowel disease
mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased frequency
stress exacerbates signs
elevated temp, possible leukocytosis

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Diagnosis of campylobacter

microscopic examination (gull wing shape)
culture
PCR

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Treatment of campylobacter

efficacy of antibiotics unknown

erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin

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Which is FALSE regarding helicobacter infections?
A) gram negative, curved spiral bacterium
B) always causes chronic gastritis
C) diagnosed by histological evaluation of gastric biopsies
D) There is no treatment for helicobacter infections

D - treatment is triple therapy - two antibiotics and an anti-acid
amoxicillin, metronidazole, and famotidine or omeprazole

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T/F helicobacter is zoonotic

true

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T/F: dogs are resistant to brucellosis so only cats are affected

false, other way around

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Brucellosis transmission

aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possibly orally or conjunctivally

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Highest brucella concentration found in

vaginal discharges and semen

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Which is FALSE regarding brucellosis?
A) gram negative, aerobic, coccobacillary organism
B) generalized lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
C) more of a problem in neutered males
D) results in abortion and infertility

C - is more of a problem in intact males

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What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

can be asymptomatic
lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
enlarged scrotum, epidiymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
infertility, abortion, stillborn pups
discospondylitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uveitis

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Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of brucellosis?
A) A Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) is a good screening test with excellent sensitivity
B) titers stay positive for up to 5 years
C) Tube agglutination test (TAT) can be used
D) should confirm serology results with AGID, ELISA or PCR, or bacterial culture

B - tigers stay positive for up to 3 years

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Treatment of brucellosis

very difficult to eradicate
sterilize infected animals
multi-antibiotic regime
Doxy plus streptomycin
retest 6-9m after treatment

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T/F: brucella is zoonotic

True

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Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT zoonotic?
A) brucella
B) helicobacter
C) campylobacter
D) none of the above

D - these are all zoonotic

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Actinomyces and Nocardia are gram _______ bacteria

positive

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Which of the following is FALSE regarding actinomycetes and nocardia?
A) nocardia is associated with wounds and pyothorax
B) actinomycetes is associated with anaerobic infections, foreign body migrations, and often has draining tracts with yellow granules
C) Cytology in a lab should be done within a day then the sample should be destroyed
D) Treatment requires surgical drainage, debridement and antibiotics

C - slowgrowing so the lab must hold the culture for 10 days

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Lyme disease is caused by which bacteria?

Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete

Which tick is the vector for lyme?

Ixodes spp
deer tick on northeast, mid west and south east
western black legged tick on pacific host

When does a host become infected with Borrelia?
A) 24h after attachment of tick
B) immediately after attachment of tick
C) 48-50 hours after attachment of tick
D) 6 hours after attachment of tick

C - 48-50 hours

T/F: lyme disease is zoonotic

true

``` Signs of Lyme disease develop _______ post exposure. A) 2-5 months B) 8 months C) 2-5 days D) one week ```

A - 2-5 months

2 proteins that the Borellia bacterium has

Outer surface protein A - help bacterium adhere to midgut of infected ticks Outer surface protein C - with warmth of new environment, skin surface temperature of the host

TF: borrelia is usually found intracellularly

false, found extracellularly to avoid host immune system

Clinical signs of borrelia burgdorferi infection

90-95% don't show clinical signs small red lesion on skin first week, then disappears 2-5m later - fever and lymphadenopathy, shifting leg lameness (polyarthritis), renal disease (protein losing glomerulopathy), meningitis, rheumatoid arthritis, myocarditis induced cardiac arrhythmia

Most common clinical sign of borrelia burgdorferi infection?

non-erosive polyarthritis see increased nutrients and proteins in cytology organism visualized with dark field microscopy

Which of the following is FALSE regarding protein losing glomerulopathy associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection? A) It is likely immune mediated B) clinical signs include vomiting and diarrhea, weight gain, PU/PD, ascites, peripheral edema C) lab work - non regenerative anemia, stress leukogram, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, low albumin D) urinalysis shows proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, bilirubinuria

B - all of those are clinical signs except weight gain | you would actually see weight loss

T/F: there is a pathognomonic test to diagnose borrelia burgdorferi infection

False, there is not

Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection? A) Serology to detect antibody to outer surface protein C6 B) screening for antibodies against B. burgdorferi indicates exposure but doesn't prove current clinical illness C) thrombocytopenia and leukopenia indicate co-infection with A. phagocytophilum D) The bacteria is easily detected on a microscope

D - it is difficult to detect on a microscope

T/F: a dog that tests positive on the C6 snap test and has clinical signs of Lyme should be treated

true

Treatment of Lyme disease

difficult to obtain accurate diagnosis so empirical antibiotics are given

``` Drug of choice to treat borrelia burgdorferi? A) Amoxicillin B) Azithromycin C) Ceftriaxone D) Doxycycline ```

D - doxycycline (or minocycyline)

T/F: all dogs seropositive for a Lyme disease infection should be treated

False, don't treat dogs that don't exhibit clinical signs

Prevention of Lyme disease in dogs

proper and effective tick prevention medication | vaccinations

2 important public health considerations of Lyme disease

erythematous rash | musculoskeletal/neurological or cardiovascular disease

T/F: dogs and cats are a main source of human infection of Borrelia burgdorferi

False, they do not excrete infectious organisms in their bodily fluids

Which of the following is FALSE regarding transmission of leptospirosis? A) Can be transmitted directly and indirectly B) organisms can remain viable for several months C) organisms don't like freezing, dehydration or exposure to UV light D) organisms can withstand fast moving water

D - slow moving water

Which of the following is FALSE regarding leptospirosis? A) transmitted through mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin or by fomites B) incubation is 14 days C) spreads to kidneys, liver, spleen, CNS, eyes and genital tract D) attach to renal tubular epithelial cells for months = carrier states

B - incubation is 3-7 days

Effect of leptospirosis on endothelial cells

tissue edema and vasculitis | acute endothelial injury and hemorrhage

A low host leptospirosis antibody titre is associated with

acute/severe disease leading to increased antibody titre --> chronic shedding or death

Clinical signs of leptospirosis

younger dogs more commonly infected fever, tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse widespread petechiae, hematemensis, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis icterus, intestinal intussusception, oliguria/anuria, anorexia/vomiting

Diagnosis of leptospirosis

Hematology - decreased platelets, neutrophils and RBCs Biochem - hepatic/renal disease urinalysis - proteinuria, glycosuria, bilirubinemia, pyuria, hematuria, granular casts Thoracic rads - nodular opacities abdominal US - enlarged kidneys, medullary band of increased echogenicity, pyelectasia, I increased cortical echogenicity serology, CR, bacterial culture, renal biopsy

Serology of leptospirosis

MAT - microscopic agglutination test if MAT > 1:3200, disease present unless recently vaccinated if MAT > 1:800, may indicate active disease if peracute disease, serum titre may not be elevated therefore repeat sample 2-4w later and you should get 4x increase

T/F: bacterial culture is commonly done to diagnose leptospirosis

false, fastidious growth needed, specialized lab and long turn around time required

PCR to diagnose leptospirosis

detect organism in blood within 1st week of infection, then detect organisms in the urine best to submit blood and urine together false positive results - non pathogenic serovars false negatives results - time of sampling, number of organisms

Treatment of leptospirosis

supportive care - need central line, urinary catheters to monitor urine output anti emetics (metoclopramide, maropitant) and gastric protectants (H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors) plasma/fresh whole blood diuresis for acute renal failure Antibiotics - doxycycline, or penicillin G or ampicillin if hepatoxicity or renal damage

Public health risk of leptospirosis?

contaminated urine is very infectious for people and dogs | avoid MM contact with it

Prevention of leptospirosis

vaccine not 100% protective | response is server specific