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SAM > Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 1 > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding salmonellosis?
A) it is caused by Salmonella enteric, a gram positive bacteria
B) Causes severe respiratory clinical signs
C) is zoonotic
D) a positive fecal test indicates salmonellosis

A

C is true
A - it is gram negative
B - causes enteric signs
D - positive isolation doesn’t indicate it is the cause of the disease

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2
Q

Clinical signs of salmonellosis

A

none to mild to severe gastroenteritis
vomiting and diarrhea that is watery to mucoid to hematochezia
can result in hypovolemia +/- neutropenia

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3
Q

Treatment of Salmonellosis

A

for severe cases, isolation, IV fluids, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulphonamide, amoxicillin, ampicillin

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4
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding campylobacter?
A) gram negative, curved, slender, motile rod
B) many dogs and cats are asymptomatic carriers
C) is not zoonotic
D) can be diagnosed by microscopic examination

A

C - campylobacter is zoonotic

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5
Q

Clinical signs of campylobacter

A

large bowel disease
mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased frequency
stress exacerbates signs
elevated temp, possible leukocytosis

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6
Q

Diagnosis of campylobacter

A

microscopic examination (gull wing shape)
culture
PCR

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7
Q

Treatment of campylobacter

A

efficacy of antibiotics unknown

erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin

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8
Q

Which is FALSE regarding helicobacter infections?
A) gram negative, curved spiral bacterium
B) always causes chronic gastritis
C) diagnosed by histological evaluation of gastric biopsies
D) There is no treatment for helicobacter infections

A

D - treatment is triple therapy - two antibiotics and an anti-acid
amoxicillin, metronidazole, and famotidine or omeprazole

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9
Q

T/F helicobacter is zoonotic

A

true

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10
Q

T/F: dogs are resistant to brucellosis so only cats are affected

A

false, other way around

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11
Q

Brucellosis transmission

A

aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possibly orally or conjunctivally

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12
Q

Highest brucella concentration found in

A

vaginal discharges and semen

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13
Q

Which is FALSE regarding brucellosis?
A) gram negative, aerobic, coccobacillary organism
B) generalized lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
C) more of a problem in neutered males
D) results in abortion and infertility

A

C - is more of a problem in intact males

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14
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

A

can be asymptomatic
lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
enlarged scrotum, epidiymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
infertility, abortion, stillborn pups
discospondylitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uveitis

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15
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of brucellosis?
A) A Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) is a good screening test with excellent sensitivity
B) titers stay positive for up to 5 years
C) Tube agglutination test (TAT) can be used
D) should confirm serology results with AGID, ELISA or PCR, or bacterial culture

A

B - tigers stay positive for up to 3 years

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16
Q

Treatment of brucellosis

A 
very difficult to eradicate
sterilize infected animals
multi-antibiotic regime
Doxy plus streptomycin
retest 6-9m after treatment
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17
Q

T/F: brucella is zoonotic

A

True

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18
Q 
Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT zoonotic?
A) brucella
B) helicobacter
C) campylobacter
D) none of the above
A

D - these are all zoonotic

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19
Q

Actinomyces and Nocardia are gram _______ bacteria

A

positive

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20
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding actinomycetes and nocardia?
A) nocardia is associated with wounds and pyothorax
B) actinomycetes is associated with anaerobic infections, foreign body migrations, and often has draining tracts with yellow granules
C) Cytology in a lab should be done within a day then the sample should be destroyed
D) Treatment requires surgical drainage, debridement and antibiotics

A

C - slowgrowing so the lab must hold the culture for 10 days

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21
Q

Lyme disease is caused by which bacteria?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete

22
Q

Which tick is the vector for lyme?

A

Ixodes spp
deer tick on northeast, mid west and south east
western black legged tick on pacific host

23
Q 
When does a host become infected with Borrelia?
A) 24h after attachment of tick
B) immediately after attachment of tick
C) 48-50 hours after attachment of tick
D) 6 hours after attachment of tick
A

C - 48-50 hours

24
Q

T/F: lyme disease is zoonotic

A

true

25
Q 
Signs of Lyme disease develop \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ post exposure.
A) 2-5 months
B) 8 months
C) 2-5 days
D) one week
A

A - 2-5 months

26
Q

2 proteins that the Borellia bacterium has

A

Outer surface protein A - help bacterium adhere to midgut of infected ticks
Outer surface protein C - with warmth of new environment, skin surface temperature of the host

27
Q

TF: borrelia is usually found intracellularly

A

false, found extracellularly to avoid host immune system

28
Q

Clinical signs of borrelia burgdorferi infection

A

90-95% don’t show clinical signs
small red lesion on skin first week, then disappears
2-5m later - fever and lymphadenopathy, shifting leg lameness (polyarthritis), renal disease (protein losing glomerulopathy), meningitis, rheumatoid arthritis, myocarditis induced cardiac arrhythmia

29
Q

Most common clinical sign of borrelia burgdorferi infection?

A

non-erosive polyarthritis
see increased nutrients and proteins in cytology
organism visualized with dark field microscopy

30
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding protein losing glomerulopathy associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection?
A) It is likely immune mediated
B) clinical signs include vomiting and diarrhea, weight gain, PU/PD, ascites, peripheral edema
C) lab work - non regenerative anemia, stress leukogram, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, low albumin
D) urinalysis shows proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, bilirubinuria

A

B - all of those are clinical signs except weight gain

you would actually see weight loss

31
Q

T/F: there is a pathognomonic test to diagnose borrelia burgdorferi infection

A

False, there is not

32
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection?
A) Serology to detect antibody to outer surface protein C6
B) screening for antibodies against B. burgdorferi indicates exposure but doesn’t prove current clinical illness
C) thrombocytopenia and leukopenia indicate co-infection with A. phagocytophilum
D) The bacteria is easily detected on a microscope

A

D - it is difficult to detect on a microscope

33
Q

T/F: a dog that tests positive on the C6 snap test and has clinical signs of Lyme should be treated

A

true

34
Q

Treatment of Lyme disease

A

difficult to obtain accurate diagnosis so empirical antibiotics are given

35
Q 
Drug of choice to treat borrelia burgdorferi?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Azithromycin
C) Ceftriaxone
D) Doxycycline
A

D - doxycycline (or minocycyline)

36
Q

T/F: all dogs seropositive for a Lyme disease infection should be treated

A

False, don’t treat dogs that don’t exhibit clinical signs

37
Q

Prevention of Lyme disease in dogs

A

proper and effective tick prevention medication

vaccinations

38
Q

2 important public health considerations of Lyme disease

A

erythematous rash

musculoskeletal/neurological or cardiovascular disease

39
Q

T/F: dogs and cats are a main source of human infection of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

False, they do not excrete infectious organisms in their bodily fluids

40
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding transmission of leptospirosis?
A) Can be transmitted directly and indirectly
B) organisms can remain viable for several months
C) organisms don’t like freezing, dehydration or exposure to UV light
D) organisms can withstand fast moving water

A

D - slow moving water

41
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding leptospirosis?
A) transmitted through mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin or by fomites
B) incubation is 14 days
C) spreads to kidneys, liver, spleen, CNS, eyes and genital tract
D) attach to renal tubular epithelial cells for months = carrier states

A

B - incubation is 3-7 days

42
Q

Effect of leptospirosis on endothelial cells

A

tissue edema and vasculitis

acute endothelial injury and hemorrhage

43
Q

A low host leptospirosis antibody titre is associated with

A

acute/severe disease leading to increased antibody titre –> chronic shedding

or death

44
Q

Clinical signs of leptospirosis

A

younger dogs more commonly infected
fever, tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse
widespread petechiae, hematemensis, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis
icterus, intestinal intussusception, oliguria/anuria, anorexia/vomiting

45
Q

Diagnosis of leptospirosis

A

Hematology - decreased platelets, neutrophils and RBCs
Biochem - hepatic/renal disease
urinalysis - proteinuria, glycosuria, bilirubinemia, pyuria, hematuria, granular casts
Thoracic rads - nodular opacities
abdominal US - enlarged kidneys, medullary band of increased echogenicity, pyelectasia, I increased cortical echogenicity
serology, CR, bacterial culture, renal biopsy

46
Q

Serology of leptospirosis

A

MAT - microscopic agglutination test
if MAT > 1:3200, disease present unless recently vaccinated
if MAT > 1:800, may indicate active disease
if peracute disease, serum titre may not be elevated therefore repeat sample 2-4w later and you should get 4x increase

47
Q

T/F: bacterial culture is commonly done to diagnose leptospirosis

A

false, fastidious growth needed, specialized lab and long turn around time required

48
Q

PCR to diagnose leptospirosis

A

detect organism in blood within 1st week of infection, then detect organisms in the urine
best to submit blood and urine together
false positive results - non pathogenic serovars
false negatives results - time of sampling, number of organisms

49
Q

Treatment of leptospirosis

A

supportive care - need central line, urinary catheters to monitor urine output
anti emetics (metoclopramide, maropitant) and gastric protectants (H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors)
plasma/fresh whole blood
diuresis for acute renal failure
Antibiotics - doxycycline, or penicillin G or ampicillin if hepatoxicity or renal damage

50
Q

Public health risk of leptospirosis?

A

contaminated urine is very infectious for people and dogs

avoid MM contact with it

51
Q

Prevention of leptospirosis

A

vaccine not 100% protective

response is server specific

SAM (48 decks)

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