Infectious Diseases - Dogs Part 1 Flashcards
Which of the following is TRUE regarding salmonellosis?
A) it is caused by Salmonella enteric, a gram positive bacteria
B) Causes severe respiratory clinical signs
C) is zoonotic
D) a positive fecal test indicates salmonellosis
C is true
A - it is gram negative
B - causes enteric signs
D - positive isolation doesn’t indicate it is the cause of the disease
Clinical signs of salmonellosis
none to mild to severe gastroenteritis
vomiting and diarrhea that is watery to mucoid to hematochezia
can result in hypovolemia +/- neutropenia
Treatment of Salmonellosis
for severe cases, isolation, IV fluids, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulphonamide, amoxicillin, ampicillin
Which of the following is FALSE regarding campylobacter?
A) gram negative, curved, slender, motile rod
B) many dogs and cats are asymptomatic carriers
C) is not zoonotic
D) can be diagnosed by microscopic examination
C - campylobacter is zoonotic
Clinical signs of campylobacter
large bowel disease
mucus, tenesmus, hematochezia, increased frequency
stress exacerbates signs
elevated temp, possible leukocytosis
Diagnosis of campylobacter
microscopic examination (gull wing shape)
culture
PCR
Treatment of campylobacter
efficacy of antibiotics unknown
erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin
Which is FALSE regarding helicobacter infections?
A) gram negative, curved spiral bacterium
B) always causes chronic gastritis
C) diagnosed by histological evaluation of gastric biopsies
D) There is no treatment for helicobacter infections
D - treatment is triple therapy - two antibiotics and an anti-acid
amoxicillin, metronidazole, and famotidine or omeprazole
T/F helicobacter is zoonotic
true
T/F: dogs are resistant to brucellosis so only cats are affected
false, other way around
Brucellosis transmission
aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possibly orally or conjunctivally
Highest brucella concentration found in
vaginal discharges and semen
Which is FALSE regarding brucellosis?
A) gram negative, aerobic, coccobacillary organism
B) generalized lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
C) more of a problem in neutered males
D) results in abortion and infertility
C - is more of a problem in intact males
What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?
can be asymptomatic
lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
enlarged scrotum, epidiymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
infertility, abortion, stillborn pups
discospondylitis, chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uveitis
Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of brucellosis?
A) A Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) is a good screening test with excellent sensitivity
B) titers stay positive for up to 5 years
C) Tube agglutination test (TAT) can be used
D) should confirm serology results with AGID, ELISA or PCR, or bacterial culture
B - tigers stay positive for up to 3 years
Treatment of brucellosis
very difficult to eradicate sterilize infected animals multi-antibiotic regime Doxy plus streptomycin retest 6-9m after treatment
T/F: brucella is zoonotic
True
Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT zoonotic? A) brucella B) helicobacter C) campylobacter D) none of the above
D - these are all zoonotic
Actinomyces and Nocardia are gram _______ bacteria
positive
Which of the following is FALSE regarding actinomycetes and nocardia?
A) nocardia is associated with wounds and pyothorax
B) actinomycetes is associated with anaerobic infections, foreign body migrations, and often has draining tracts with yellow granules
C) Cytology in a lab should be done within a day then the sample should be destroyed
D) Treatment requires surgical drainage, debridement and antibiotics
C - slowgrowing so the lab must hold the culture for 10 days
Lyme disease is caused by which bacteria?
Borrelia burgdorferi, spirochete
Which tick is the vector for lyme?
Ixodes spp
deer tick on northeast, mid west and south east
western black legged tick on pacific host
When does a host become infected with Borrelia? A) 24h after attachment of tick B) immediately after attachment of tick C) 48-50 hours after attachment of tick D) 6 hours after attachment of tick
C - 48-50 hours
T/F: lyme disease is zoonotic
true
Signs of Lyme disease develop \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ post exposure. A) 2-5 months B) 8 months C) 2-5 days D) one week
A - 2-5 months
2 proteins that the Borellia bacterium has
Outer surface protein A - help bacterium adhere to midgut of infected ticks
Outer surface protein C - with warmth of new environment, skin surface temperature of the host
TF: borrelia is usually found intracellularly
false, found extracellularly to avoid host immune system
Clinical signs of borrelia burgdorferi infection
90-95% don’t show clinical signs
small red lesion on skin first week, then disappears
2-5m later - fever and lymphadenopathy, shifting leg lameness (polyarthritis), renal disease (protein losing glomerulopathy), meningitis, rheumatoid arthritis, myocarditis induced cardiac arrhythmia
Most common clinical sign of borrelia burgdorferi infection?
non-erosive polyarthritis
see increased nutrients and proteins in cytology
organism visualized with dark field microscopy
Which of the following is FALSE regarding protein losing glomerulopathy associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection?
A) It is likely immune mediated
B) clinical signs include vomiting and diarrhea, weight gain, PU/PD, ascites, peripheral edema
C) lab work - non regenerative anemia, stress leukogram, thrombocytopenia, azotemia, low albumin
D) urinalysis shows proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, bilirubinuria
B - all of those are clinical signs except weight gain
you would actually see weight loss
T/F: there is a pathognomonic test to diagnose borrelia burgdorferi infection
False, there is not
Which of the following is FALSE regarding diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infection?
A) Serology to detect antibody to outer surface protein C6
B) screening for antibodies against B. burgdorferi indicates exposure but doesn’t prove current clinical illness
C) thrombocytopenia and leukopenia indicate co-infection with A. phagocytophilum
D) The bacteria is easily detected on a microscope
D - it is difficult to detect on a microscope
T/F: a dog that tests positive on the C6 snap test and has clinical signs of Lyme should be treated
true
Treatment of Lyme disease
difficult to obtain accurate diagnosis so empirical antibiotics are given
Drug of choice to treat borrelia burgdorferi? A) Amoxicillin B) Azithromycin C) Ceftriaxone D) Doxycycline
D - doxycycline (or minocycyline)
T/F: all dogs seropositive for a Lyme disease infection should be treated
False, don’t treat dogs that don’t exhibit clinical signs
Prevention of Lyme disease in dogs
proper and effective tick prevention medication
vaccinations
2 important public health considerations of Lyme disease
erythematous rash
musculoskeletal/neurological or cardiovascular disease
T/F: dogs and cats are a main source of human infection of Borrelia burgdorferi
False, they do not excrete infectious organisms in their bodily fluids
Which of the following is FALSE regarding transmission of leptospirosis?
A) Can be transmitted directly and indirectly
B) organisms can remain viable for several months
C) organisms don’t like freezing, dehydration or exposure to UV light
D) organisms can withstand fast moving water
D - slow moving water
Which of the following is FALSE regarding leptospirosis?
A) transmitted through mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin or by fomites
B) incubation is 14 days
C) spreads to kidneys, liver, spleen, CNS, eyes and genital tract
D) attach to renal tubular epithelial cells for months = carrier states
B - incubation is 3-7 days
Effect of leptospirosis on endothelial cells
tissue edema and vasculitis
acute endothelial injury and hemorrhage
A low host leptospirosis antibody titre is associated with
acute/severe disease leading to increased antibody titre –> chronic shedding
or death
Clinical signs of leptospirosis
younger dogs more commonly infected
fever, tachypnea, rapid irregular pulse, vascular collapse
widespread petechiae, hematemensis, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis
icterus, intestinal intussusception, oliguria/anuria, anorexia/vomiting
Diagnosis of leptospirosis
Hematology - decreased platelets, neutrophils and RBCs
Biochem - hepatic/renal disease
urinalysis - proteinuria, glycosuria, bilirubinemia, pyuria, hematuria, granular casts
Thoracic rads - nodular opacities
abdominal US - enlarged kidneys, medullary band of increased echogenicity, pyelectasia, I increased cortical echogenicity
serology, CR, bacterial culture, renal biopsy
Serology of leptospirosis
MAT - microscopic agglutination test
if MAT > 1:3200, disease present unless recently vaccinated
if MAT > 1:800, may indicate active disease
if peracute disease, serum titre may not be elevated therefore repeat sample 2-4w later and you should get 4x increase
T/F: bacterial culture is commonly done to diagnose leptospirosis
false, fastidious growth needed, specialized lab and long turn around time required
PCR to diagnose leptospirosis
detect organism in blood within 1st week of infection, then detect organisms in the urine
best to submit blood and urine together
false positive results - non pathogenic serovars
false negatives results - time of sampling, number of organisms
Treatment of leptospirosis
supportive care - need central line, urinary catheters to monitor urine output
anti emetics (metoclopramide, maropitant) and gastric protectants (H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors)
plasma/fresh whole blood
diuresis for acute renal failure
Antibiotics - doxycycline, or penicillin G or ampicillin if hepatoxicity or renal damage
Public health risk of leptospirosis?
contaminated urine is very infectious for people and dogs
avoid MM contact with it
Prevention of leptospirosis
vaccine not 100% protective
response is server specific
