Neurology

Question 1

The _____ ___ synthesizes dopamine. disorders of this area result in issues such as Parkinson disease and schizophrenia.

Answer 1

substantia nigra

Question 2

Metablic alterations in arousal are thought to be caused by a lack of energy such as ______, ______ or ______

Answer 2

1. oxygen, 2. electrolytes, 3. glucose

Question 3

____ are long projections from the cell body that carry impulses ____. The ____ _____ is a cone shaped process where the ___ leaves the body and contains the lowest threshold for stimulation for _____ ________(s) to occur.

Answer 3

1. Axons, 2. away, 3. axon hillock, 4. axon, 5. action potential

Question 4

When performing a lumbar puncture, you would want to tap the spinal cord at the _______ ____

Answer 4

subarachnoid space

Question 5

The peripheral nervous system sends signals via two directions. The ____ pathway carries information towards the central nervous system, while the ____ pathway innervates _____ organs such as skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles as well as ____

Answer 5

1. afferent, 2. efferent, 3. effector, 4. glands

Question 6

The _____ is an electrical cell that transmits electrical and chemical information between like cells or to ______ _____(s)

Answer 6

1. Neurons, 2. effector organs

Question 7

____ are extensions of the neuron that carry nerve impulses ____ the cell body, which the reception of the impulse is determined by the ______ zone.

Answer 7

1. dendrites, 2. toward, 3. dendritic

Question 8

When thinking about neurotransmitters and their actions on cell to cell activity, they can illicit either an _______ or _______ response with the former causing a state of _______ and thus leading to the neuron ‘firing’ while the latter causes a state of ________ which will make it more difficult for the cell to take action.

Answer 8

1. excitatory, 2. inhibitory, 3. depolariation, 4. hyperpolarization

Question 9

Motor neurons are classified as _____ motor neurons, which are mainly in the central nervous system and involve fine motor control, as well as ____ motor neurons which act directly on muscles and destruction of these neurons can result in permanent paralysis if there is no peripheral nerve regeneration.

Answer 9

1. Upper, 2. Lower

Question 10

Neurotransmitters have a variety of control over pain sensation and can be divided into ______ and ______ neurotransmitters.

Answer 10

1. excitatory, 2. inhibitory

Question 11

Neuropathies are disease process that injure axons, affecting distinct areas of the axon, spinal nerve roots and plexus within peripheral nerves. These diseases are divided into three categories: ______ ______ ___neuropathies (distal axonal polyneuropathy, demyelinating polyneuropathy [GBS]), _________ neuropathies (affects the cell body one one type of peripheral neuron) and _____ neuropathy (affects sensory and motor fibers in one or more nerves, e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome).

Answer 11

1. generalized symmetric poly, 2. generalized, 3. focal

Question 12

delirium occurs due to hyperactivity of the _____ nervous system and is thought to be caused by various neurotransmitters such as increased dopamine, norepinephrine and glutamate and decreased acetylcholine and/or melatonin

Answer 12

1. autonomic

Question 13

The ____-______ ____ ,or the master clock, regulates a person’s wake and sleep cycle and are stimulated by a variety of factors that normally contribute to this process.

Answer 13

supra-chiasmatic nucleus

Question 14

The terms tonic and clonic refer to ______ muscle tone and _______ muscle contraction and relaxation respectively.

Answer 14

1. increased, 2. spasmodic

Question 15

The principle of ______ refers to the ability of axonal branches to influence many different neurons.

Answer 15

Divergence

Question 16

When assessing patients for any type of neurological lesions, the main thing to differentiate is if the lesion is in ______ _____ neurons or ______ _____ neurons with the former being located in the Central nervous system and the latter being outside the CNS

Answer 16

1. Upper Motor, 2. Lower Motor

Question 17

Febrile seizures may occur with temperatures greater than ____ F

Answer 17

100.4

Question 18

The _____ is an integrated circuit composed of millions of neurons and receives 15-20% of cardiac output. This organ allows people to reason, function intellectually and express themselves.

Answer 18

Brain

Question 19

The brainstem holds a collection of nuclei that creates the _______ ______, which connects the brainstem to the ____ and controls vital functions including cardiovascular and pulmonary functions.

Answer 19

1. reticular formation, 2. cortex

Question 20

While the blood brain barrier doesnt allow for many types of substances to enter, there are a few areas that dont have this barrier in order to sample the body’s internal environment including the _____, ______ and _____ gland

Answer 20

1. pituitary, 2. hypothalamus, 3. pineal

Question 21

The parasympathetic system is also known as the ______ system due to it’s affinity for _______ which binds to ______ receptors

Answer 21

1. cholinergic, 2. acetylcholine, 3. muscarinic

Question 22

When evaluating breathing patterns from a neurological standpoint, disorders will be classified as either _____ or ______, where the latter will typically occur due to a decrease in consciousness and/or increased requirement of CO2 levels in order to stimulate ventilation.

Answer 22

1. hemispheric, 2. brainstem

Question 23

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition due to an autoimmune response that causes _______ of CNS _____, _____ (sclerosis and plaque formation) and loss of _____

Answer 23

1. Degeneration, 2. myelin, 3. scarring, 4. axons

Question 24

Akinetic mutism is a _________ state characterized by loss of _____ to move or inability to initiate voluntary _____ responses

Answer 24

1. neurobehavioral, 2. motivation, 3. motor

Question 25

_____ is the effect of multiple _____ postsynaptic potentials on the plasma membrane potential.

Answer 25

1. Facilitation, 2. excitatory

Question 26

Seizures can be anticipated at times due to certain phases such as _____ or a sense of depression/headache that can occur hours to days prior and an _____ which can take place in visual or auditory experiences and can occur just before a seizure starts.

Answer 26

1. prodroma, 2. aura

Question 27

A _____ is a sudden disruption of brain electrical function caused by abnormal discharges of cortical neurons

Answer 27

seizure

Question 28

In a caloric ice water test, a normal response involves _____ movement or attention towards the stimulus

Answer 28

conjugate

Question 29

______ neurotransmitters include GABA in the spinal cord as well as serotoning and norepinephrine, however the latter 2 can also excite ______ nerves.

Answer 29

1. inhibitory, 2. peripheral

Question 30

When glucose enters the neurons of brain cells, it does not rely on _____ for management of glucose intake.

Answer 30

insulin

Question 31

Cellular components of the neuron include ______, which transports substances within the cell, _______, or thin fibers that provide support, _________ (proteins involved in cellular product transportation), and ___ _____/____ (The ER and ribosomes of neurons) which are involved in protein synthesis.

Answer 31

1. microtubules, 2. neurofibrils, 3. microfilaments, 4. Nissl substances/bodies

Question 32

Hemispheric breathing can be normal, but also includes __________ apnea and ______-_____ respiration which is characterized by abnormal rhythm with alternating periods of hyperventilation and apnea

Answer 32

1. posthyperventilation apena, 2. Cheyne-Stokes

Question 33

Cancer pain in particular is difficult to treat due to a decreased expression of the _____ receptor.

Answer 33

Opioid

Question 34

Seizures are now classified according to ______ it occurs, such as focal or generalized, and the level of _____ during seizure activity.

Answer 34

1. where, 2. awareness

Question 35

Primary neurotransmitters for sleep include _____ and ____, while neurotransmitters for wakefulness include ______, ______, ______ and ______.

Answer 35

1. GABA, 2. galanin, 3. serotonin, 4. norepinephrine, 5. dopamine-acetylcholine(ACh), 6. glutamine

Question 36

Despite sympathetic outflow being specific to thoraco-lumbar areas, in the event of a crisis, or flight or flight, a bundel of nerves called _____ _____ ganglia assist in spreading sympathetic impulses up and down the spinal tracts to innervate the head and neck so that all areas of the body are aware of the crisis.

Answer 36

1. cervical chain

Question 37

Examples of speech disorder in schizophrenia include _______ thought or difficult to comprehend and illogical and ______ of content which involves repetitive vocabulary.

Answer 37

1. formal, 2. poverty

Question 38

When initiating action potential and moving all the way to the ______ axon where cells synapse (meet). a ________ which is stored in the synapses will communicate to the target cell to illicate the functional response. This method tends to occur mainly in _____, _____ and _____ based cells/tissues due high energy needs.

Answer 38

1. Terminal, 2. Neurotransmitter, 3. nerve, 4. muscle, 5. gland

Question 39

Tay-Sachs disease is a type of ________ _____ disorder that involves a deficiency enzyme hexosaminidase (HexA) that leads to a build up of _______ that causes toxicity to nerve cells and symptoms include seizures, dementia and blindness.

Answer 39

1. lysosomal storage, 2. gangliosidosis

Question 40

_______ is an important deficiency to screen for in newborns due to it being unable to be converted by phenylalanine hydroxylase to form ______, which is essential for biosynthesis of proteins, melanin, thyroxine and catecholamines.

Answer 40

1. Phenylketonuria, 2. Tyrosine

Question 41

Cerebral metabolism mainly relies on ______ and _____ for its energy needs and therefore rely purely on ______ ______

Answer 41

1. glucose, 2. oxygen, 3. aerobic metabolism

Question 42

The five areas to assess for in neurologic response are ______, ______ , _______ reaction, _______ responses and _______ responses

Answer 42

1. consciousness, 2. breathing, 3. pupillary, 4. occulomotor, 5. motor

Question 43

The two greatest risk factors when assessing for Alzheimer’s disease are ____ and ______ history

Answer 43

1. age, 2. familial

Question 44

The ____ ______ is a bundle of fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 44

corpus callosum

Question 45

Heat production occurs via increased _______, _____ muscle contraction (shivering) and ______ thermogenesis.

Answer 45

1. metabolism, 2. skeletal, 3. chemical (Epinephrine/Norepinephrine)

Question 46

Specific ______ nervous system neurotransmitters include ____ ____, _______, _____ along with a variety of other types of neurotransmitters such as various hormones and pain chemicals like endogenous opioids

Answer 46

1. Central, 2. amino acids (neutral/inhibitory AA such as GABA and glycin, and acidic/excitatory AA such as glutamate and aspartate 3. acetylcholine, 4. monoamines (serotonin, epinephrine/norepinephrine, dopamine)

Question 47

Obstructive sleep apnea can confer risks as ________, increased risk of ______ _____ and causes micro sleeps

Answer 47

1. hypertension, 2. myocardial infarction

Question 48

During pain transmission, when pain ascends to upwards via the spinothalamic tracts, these tracts are divided into the _______ tract (anterior spinal thalamic tract) which carries fast impulses for acute pain and the ________ tract (lateral spinothalamic tract) which carries slow impulses for chronic/dull pain.

Answer 48

1. neospinothalamic, 2. paleospinothalamic

Question 49

Narcolepsy is thought to occur due to a deficiency of _____/_____

Answer 49

hypocretin/orexin

Question 50

_____ are considered the primary brain tumor and can be malignant. These tumors are categorized from oligodendrocytes and are known to be caused due to a mutation in the _______ ______ 1/2 gene (IDH1/2)

Answer 50

1. Gliomas, 2. isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 51

The _______ is composed of four areas: the ____ which forms the roof of the third ventricle and superior area, the ______ manages afferent (sensory) impulses to the cerebral cortex, the ______ maintains a constant internal environment by controlling the ______ nervous system via body temperature and endocrine function and finally the ______ serves as a center for motor activities.

Answer 51

1. Diencephalon, 2. epithalamus, 3. Thalamus, 4. hypothalamus, 5. autonomic, 6. subthalamus

Question 52

When spinal cord injury is suspected, the first thing to do is immediately _____ the spine.

Answer 52

immobilize

Question 53

The _____ ____ carries cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 53

cerebral aqueduct

Question 54

_____ seizures are commonly seen in children and due to potential underlying causes such as _____ , drug therapy is not recommended in this case.

Answer 54

1. febrile, 2. infection

Question 55

Two neurotransmitters believed to play a role in schizophrenia include ______ and _____ where the former is theorized that drugs that blocked these receptors can reduce symptoms and vice versa drugs that increase transmission of can induce schizophrenic like symptoms. The latter hypothesizes that an underactivation of this neurotransmitter as well as synthesis can bring about positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, specifically drugs that block the _____ receptor can also cause these effects.

Answer 55

1. dopamine, 2. glutamate, 3. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

Question 56

____ areas specify certain parts of the brain that when stimulated causes specific muscles to move.

Answer 56

Brodmann

Question 57

Processing potentially harmful stimuli through the nervous system is called ______ and are recepted by _______, which are unevenly distributed through out the body and can cause different levels of stimuli as a result.

Answer 57

1. nociception, 2. nociceptors

Question 58

When neurotransmitters release their contents into the ______ ____, they diffuse across and bind to receptors on the ____ synaptic neurons and trigger an ____ ______

Answer 58

1. synaptic cleft, 2. post, 3. action potential

Question 59

The three essential neural systems for cognitive function include: ________, _____ and ______ systems and _______

Answer 59

1. attention, 2. memory and learning, 3. emotions

Question 60

The ___ matter of the spinal cord is divided into three regions: the _____ horn primarily conducts sensory neurons, the _____ horn contains cell bodies associated with the ______ nervous system, and the ______ horn contains cell bodies for _____ or efferent pathways and travel by leaving the spinal cord via spinal nerves.

Answer 60

1. gray, 2. posterior, 3. lateral, 4. autonomic. 5. anterior/ventral, 6. motor

Question 61

In the final stage of ICP, brain tissue will ______ or shift to a compartment of lesser pressure causing symptoms such as obstructive hydrocephalus

Answer 61

herniate

Question 62

Three classes of antidepressants involve ______ _____ inhibitors (MAOI) ________ antidepressants (TCA) and selective ______ _____ inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 62

1. Monoamine oxidase, 2. Tricyclic, 3. serontonin reuptake

Question 63

In Parkinson Disease, there is an autoimmune response that attacks the ______ ____ which leads to a overall decrease in _______ resulting in symptoms such as tremors and muscle rigidity. This situation in itself is a result of the brain being unable to inhibit various spinal or involuntary reflexes or ________

Answer 63

1. substantia nigra, 2. dopamine. 3. DISinhibition

Question 64

Heat regulation is managed primarily by the _______ nervous system.

Answer 64

sympathetic

Question 65

Nociceptors are ______ sensory receptors and do not exist in the ______ nervous system

Answer 65

1. peripheral, 2. central

Question 66

Migraines are episodic headaches that can last anywhere from 4 to 72 hours and can be diagnosed by at least two of the following: _____ head pain, _____ pain, pain with _______ and moderate to severe pain. This must also be accompanied by either _____/______ or _____/_____ phobia.

Answer 66

1. unilateral, 2. throbbing, 3. activity, 4. nausea/vomiting, 5. photo/phono

Question 67

The hallmark of Parkinson disease involves the loss of ______ neurons in the substantia nigra and is thought to be caused by degeneration of the _____ ______

Answer 67

1. dopaminergic, 2. basal ganglia

Question 68

During a ____ ___ (generalized tonic clonic) seizure, a focused area of the brain generates epileptiform brain waves that spreads from an area to the entire brain and into the spinal cord.

Answer 68

1. gran mal

Question 69

Despite being a part of the peripheral nervous system, the ______ nervous system is also present in many spinal and cranial nerves.

Answer 69

autonomic

Question 70

The spinal cord is divided into five sections, mainly consisting of vertebra that correspond to certain areas that include eight _____, twelve ______, 5 _____ as well as 5 ____ and 1(or a total of 4 fused) _____ vertebra

Answer 70

1. cervical, 2. thoracic, 3. lumbar, 4. sacral, 5. coccyx

Question 71

Specific areas of skin innervation from spinal cord nerves are referred to as ______

Answer 71

dermatomes

Question 72

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) is thought to occur from _____ contusion which is caused by _____ type injury (MVA) or cortical/brainstem damage by _____ or ____ injuries

Answer 72

1. brainstem, 2. shaking, 3. shearing, 4. torn

Question 73

Types of brainsteam breathing involve _____, _____ and _____ respirations

Answer 73

1. apneusis, 2. cluster, 3. ataxic

Question 74

Pain modulation occurs via ______ _______ pathways (facilitatory), ____ and _________ or in particular the periaqueductual gray matter and the raphe nucleus from the midbrain. Forms of this include ____ ______ of pain, or when AB fibers are stimulated in the same spinal area as a-delta fibers and c fibers. ______ ___ modulation (diffuse noxious inhbitory control) involves the spinal-medullary pathway when two types of pain occur from different sites; examples of this modulation include acupuncture deep tissue massage. _____-____ _____ activation can occur due to one’s perception of pain and can either positively or negatively affect pain via inhibitory pathways.

Answer 74

1. descending inhibitory, 2. nuclei, 3. neurotransmitters, 4. Segmental inhibition, 5. Conditioned pain, 6. Expectancy-related cortical

Question 75

The _____ system is a group of connected structures between the telencephalon and diencelphalon and is composed of the amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, hypothalamus and related autonomic nuclei. The principal effects involved are basic behavior responses, emotional reactions, motivation, biological rhythms and smell.

Answer 75

Limbic

Question 76

When assessing a patient’s _______ to determine brain death, you would assess the _______ reflex where a positive (alive) sign is when you turn the head to one side (dont do this if you suspect spine injury) and the eyes will turn to the opposite side to maintain a straight visual axis and if not the eyes will move with the head instead.

Answer 76

1. brainstem, 2. oculocephalic

Question 77

The spinal cord begins at the _____ ____ and ends at the ____ ______ where nerves extend out from the end site and form bundles called _____ ____. _____ ____ also extends from the end site and help attach it to the _____.

Answer 77

1. medulla oblongata, 2. conus medullaris, 3. cauda equina, 4. filum terminale, 5. coccyx

Question 78

mature neurons do not divide and any injury to the ____ nervous system causes ______ loss of damaged neurons.

Answer 78

1. Central, 2. Permanent

Question 79

The _____ processes ____ and ____ information and routes this to other areas of the brain.

Answer 79

1. insula, 2. sensory, 3. emotional

Question 80

_____ shock develops immediately on spinal cord injury resulting in loss of motor, sensory and autonomic function below the level of injury. The _____ is also unable to regulate tempareture due to sympathetic nervous system damage.

Answer 80

1. spinal, 2. hypothalamus

Question 81

_____ is synthesized in the substantia nigra and is important in many processes including pleasure, motivation, sleep, hormonal regulation, sympathetic regulation and memory to name a few.

Answer 81

Dopamine

Question 82

outcomes of arousal alterations usually are either ______ (morbidity) or ______ which is determined by the extend of brain damage

Answer 82

1. disability, 2. mortality

Question 83

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers and parasympathetic pre/postganglionic fibers release _______ while most sympathetic post ganglionic fibers release _______

Answer 83

1. acetylcholine, 2. norepinephrine

Question 84

In the event of severe compression of an intervertebral disc leading to symptoms such as decreased DTR or neurogenic bladder/bowel reflexes, known as _____ ____ syndrome, emergency surgery may be required.

Answer 84

cauda equina

Question 85

The _______ plays a central role in social brain emotional processing network which correlates to schizophrenic patients having issues making appropriate social judgments.

Answer 85

amygdala

Question 86

Whether an action potential occurs depends on the number and frequency of _____ or _____ potentials, which is conceptually known as _____. This term is classified as either _____, which are effects of successive rapid impulses from a single neuron to the same synapse, or _____ which is the combined effects of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time.

Answer 86

1. excitatory, 2. inhibitory, 3. summation. 4. Temporal (summation), 5. Spatial (summation)

Question 87

A common symptom after a lumbar puncture involves a ______

Answer 87

headache

Question 88

When classifying strokes, you would mainly base it on _____ duration of time. e.g. a TIA deficits occurs less than 24 hours

Answer 88

1. symptom

Question 89

The layers that surround the brain and spinal cord, or ______ are composed of three different types of layers: the ____ ____ is the hardest of the layers, the ____ _____ is a spongy weblike structure, and the ____ ____ adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and give rise to supporting vessels as well as the _____ ____ which function to produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 89

1. meniges, 2. dura mater, 3. arachnoid mater, 4. pia mater, 5. choroid plexus

Question 90

When assessing CSF labs, some interpretations include low ____ and presence of _____ ____ cells in ________, _____ pressure when there is an obstruction and ______ protein and pressure along with low ______ could indicate a tumor.

Answer 90

1. glucose, 2. white blood cells, 3. meningitis, 4. high, 5. high, 6. glucose

Question 91

When assessing older adults and their reflexes, due to age some reflexes may revert to a primitive phase or may lack a reflex, for example the first reflex to usually disappear in an older patient would be the _____ reflex

Answer 91

ankle

Question 92

CEA (Carotid Endarterectomy) surgery while utilized to remove plague or restore bloodflow to the carotids, can involve complications including ____ damage, ____ perfusion to the ______ cerebral hemisphere, pneumothorax and stroke.

Answer 92

1. nerve, 2. reduced, 3. ipsilateral

Question 93

An ________ _____ (AVM) is a mass of dilated vessels between arterial and venous systems that lack a muscularis layer and an absence of intervening capillary beds.

Answer 93

Arteriovenous malformation

Question 94

In ______ shock, which occurs at any injury above T6, is due to absence of _____ activity (caused by another kind of shock ;) ) with symptoms including vasodilation, bradycardia and hypothermia.

Answer 94

1. neurogenic, 2. sympathetic

Question 95

_____ aphasia is usually expressive and receptive and is typically a result from a CVA of the _____ cerebral artery

Answer 95

1. global, 2. middle

Question 96

When thinking of surgical anatomy for arteries of the neck and head, _____ arteries (carotids) feed into the main arteries of the brain and _____ arteries feed to features outside the circulation such as the neck, face and various cavities.

Answer 96

1. internal, 2. external

Question 97

When the word brainstem is used, it actually refers to the combination of the _______ and ______

Answer 97

1. midbrain, 2. hindbrain

Question 98

Accidental Hyperthermia can occur in different forms, including: ____ ____ or severe cramps in the abdomen and extremities that follows prolonged sweating and loss of _____. ____ _____ results from prolonged elevated core or environmental temperatures, causing symptoms such as dehydration, decreased plasma volume and cardiac output. _____ ____ can be lethal and results in high core temperatures around 104 degrees, symptoms include cerebral edema, renal tubular necrosis and hepatic failure… eventually death if untreated. _____ ______ is a lethal complication normally occuring due to inhaled anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants. This occurs due to increased intracellular ____ levels or a decreased intake which leads to sustained muscle contractions and hypermetabolism of muscle cells.

Answer 98

1. heat cramps, 2. sodium. 3. heat exhaustion, 4. heat stroke, 5. malignant hyperthermia, calcium

Question 99

Psychogenic alterations in arousal are different from the others where a person may be unconscious but still __________ awake

Answer 99

physiologically

Question 101

The lateral part of the spinal cord is responsible for _____ pathways

Answer 101

1. autonomic

Question 103

When discussing different tracts of the spinal cord, there are the ____, ______ and _____ horns which facilitate nerve transmission. The first two usually involve motor outflow with the first one being somatic or voluntary and the second horn being autonomic which contains sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. The last horn mainly is afferent and transfers sensory impulses.

Answer 103

1. ventra, 2. lateral, 3. dorsal

Question 104

ICP is thought to occur due to increased _______ content, _______, excess ____ and ____

Answer 104

1. intracranial, 2. hemorrhage, 3. CSF, 4. edema

Question 105

When assessing ataxia, one notable feature is that if it is present in the _______ the patients eyes being open or closed do not affect their symptoms.

Answer 105

cerebellum

Question 106

_______ neurotransmitters include tissue injury factors and inflammatory mediators as well as nociceptors releasing peptides such as ATP and substance P when damaged.

Answer 106

Excitatory

Question 107

When neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites in the post synaptic neuron, there can either be a depolarized/_____ postsynaptic potential, or a hyperpolarized/______ postsynaptic potential.

Answer 107

1. excitatory (EPSPs), 2. inhibitory (IPSPs)

Question 108

When discussing the _______ ___ or where the neuron from the voluntary nervous system synapses with the ______ muscle, this term is ______ to this area alone.

Answer 108

1. neuromuscular juntion, 2. skeletal, 3. exclusive

Question 109

When a patient complains of a _____ headache or the worst headache of their life, you may suspect they also have _______ hemorrhage

Answer 109

1. thunderclap, 2. subarachnoid

Question 110

Hypothermia occurs when body temperatures drop below _____F and around _____F ice crystals form on the inside of cells causing them to rupture and die.

Answer 110

1. 95, 2. 82.4

Question 111

A motor neuron innervating one more muscle cells is called a ____ ___

Answer 111

motor unit

Question 112

Schizophrenia is defined as a ______ disorder and is described as a break in reality or splitting of the cognitive from the emotinal side of one’s personality.

Answer 112

thought

Question 113

While ______ stimulates all alpha, beta-1 and some beta-2 receptors, ______ strongly stimulates all four different adrenergic receptors.

Answer 113

1. norepinephrine, 2. epinephrine

Question 114

Examples of things that can cross the BBB (blood brain barrier) include ____, ____ and ____ while things like _____, _____ and _____ _____ are unable to do so.

Answer 114

1. lipids, 2. water, 3. gases, 4. electrolytes, 5. proteins, 6. large molecules

Question 115

While ______ sleep apnea occurs due to a blockage of the upper airway, ____ sleep apnea occurs due to other symptoms such as cardiac or neurological disease.

Answer 115

1. obstructive, 2. central

Question 116

______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Answer 116

glutamate

Question 117

The most common areas for _______ hemorrhages to occur include the thalamus, cortex/subcortex, pons, caudate nucelus and cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 117

hypertensive

Question 118

Mechanisms of heat loss occur through several mechanisms, including: ______ (heat loss through electromagnetic waves), _______ (heat loss by direct molecule to molecule transfer), _______ (transfer of heat through gases or liquids and occurs passively), _______, ________ muscle tone, _______ (loss of body water from the surface of the skin and is converted to gas and is secreted by sweating).

Answer 118

1. radiation, 2. conduction, 3. convection, 4. vasodilation, 5. decreased, 6. Evaporation

Question 119

ICP (Intra cranial pressure) normally ranges from _ to __ mmHG

Answer 119

1. 5, 2. 15

Question 120

Dense collections of neurons in the central nervous system are referred to as ____ while in the peripheral nervous system they are called _____ or _____ (a group of relay nerves).

Answer 120

1. nuclei, 2. ganglia, 3. plexuses

Question 121

The Peripheral Nervous system can be divided into the _____ nervous system which consists of motor and sensory pathways that regulate ____ motor control of muscles, and the _____ nervous system which is more involved with regulating the body’s ____ environment via ______ control and specifically can be further divided into the ________ and ______ divisions

Answer 121

1. somatic, 2. voluntary, 3. autonomic, 4. internal, 5. involuntary, 6. sympathetic, 7. and parasympathetic

Question 122

It has been studied that along voltage gated channels, there also exist ____ ___ ___ channels that respond to a variety of physical, chemical and thermal stimuli

Answer 122

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP)

Question 123

____ ____ injuries are considered to be very dangerous due to them occurring at any level or area of brain injury as well as contributing to later causes of neurodegenerative disease

Answer 123

diffuse axonal

Question 124

Brain abscesses are collections of pus within the parenchyma and are classified into three categories. _____ brain abscess is related to osteomyelitis in a cranial bone. ______ brain abscess comes from a sinus infection or vascular source and finally a _____ brain abscess mainly arises from a vascular source.

Answer 124

1. Extradural, 2. subdural, 3. intracerebral

Question 125

_____ is a neurotransmitter that is present in many types of muscle movement alterations

Answer 125

dopamine

Question 126

_____ are specialized structures that provide contact points between neurons. Specialized neurons that work through these structures are either __-_____ , or to move towards, and __-____ which moves away from.

Answer 126

1. synpases, 2. pre-synaptic, 3. post-synaptic

Question 127

______ synthesizes dopamine, which afterwards, dopamine is degraded by _____ ____ (MAO) and _____-_-___ transferases (COMT).

Answer 127

1. tyrosine, 2. monoamine oxidase, 3. catechol-O-methyl

Question 128

While oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the ____ nervous system, _____ cells are what form the sheath in the _____ nervous system.

Answer 128

1. Central, 2. Schwann, 3. Peripheral

Question 129

_____ _____ is released by cAMP or cGMP activity in post-synaptic cells and has a variety of effects depending on what system it takes place in. For example in the _______ nervous system this stimulates learning and memory capacity, while in the ______ nervous system there is vasodilation in the body.

Answer 129

1. Nitric Oxide, 2. central, 3. peripheral

Question 130

When assessing ______ spinal reflexes in older adults, you first suspect any damage to the ______ and then look for reflexes including babinski, mass flexion reflex and cross extensor reflex.

Answer 130

1. primitive, 2. cerebrum

Question 131

Once a pair of nerve roots ____ and exit the vertebral foramen, they meet at an intersection known as the _____ nerve and once outside the vertebral column will split again into their respective ____

Answer 131

1. joins, 2. spinal, 3. rami

Question 132

When discussing neuroreceptors, many receptors will correspond with neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine. For example, in the _______ ____ system, which only accepts acetylcholine, acetylcholine will bind to ______ receptors to stimulate a muscle contraction.

Answer 132

1. skeletal muscle, 2. nicotinic

Question 133

________ are chemical signals that allow neurons to influence other neurons when conducting electrical impulses

Answer 133

neurotransmitters

Question 134

Pseudocholinersterase hydrolyzes ______, and when there is a deficiency this can prolong the effect of the drug, and therefore prolonged paralysis, but up to 8 hours.

Answer 134

succinylcholine

Question 135

________ pain is a form of chronic pain that is divided into ______ and ______ pain, with the former type being caused by an increase in sensitivity to primary sensory neurons, while the latter type is caused by lesions or changes in the brain/spinal cord due to an increased build up of _ neurons.

Answer 135

1. Neuropathic, 2. peripheral, 3. central, 4. C

Question 136

The ____ lobe contains the ________ area which is responsible for memory, behaviors and thought, and the _______ area that programs movements and contains part of the ____ ____ system (Extrapyramidal system, frontal eye fields).

Answer 136

1. frontal, 2. prefrontal, 3. premotor, 4. basal ganglia

Question 137

The synapse is comprised of a ____ knob, which is found by the __ synaptic neuron, and is separated from the ___ synaptic neuron by a synaptic ____

Answer 137

1. synaptic, 2. pre, 3. post, 4. cleft

Question 138

Pain is explained in a variety of theories, these include: ______ theory, which proposes that pain and touch are carried on different pathways that explains specific injuries but not so much with chronic pain. ______ theory proposes that somatic sensing organs respond to different stimuli levels and are encoded in the central nervous system. The __-___ theory explains that pain is modulated by a balance of impulses conducted to the spinal cord and work as a ‘gate’ and can partially open or close depending on the stimuli and regulates pain transmission to centers in the central nervous system. Lastly, the ____ theory builds off of the previous one except to explain complications such as phantom limb pain by stating that stimuli may triggers patterns but may not produce them necessarily and are activated by sensory inputs from the affected periphery but may also originate in the brain without any external input. Despite these theories, no single theory can explain all types of pain.

Answer 138

1. Specificity, 2. Pattern, 3. gate-control, 4. neuromatrix

Question 139

The three major structural divisions of the brain are the _____, which includes the telencephalon and the diencephalon, the _____, which connects the pons to the diencephalon, and the _____ which holds the cerebellum, pons and medulla and these three particular structures in the _____ together make up the _______.

Answer 139

1. forebrain, 2. midbrain, 3. hindbrain, 4. hindbrain, 5. brainstem

Question 140

_______ conduction is the process of myelin allowing action potential to occur and leap between nodes of Ranvier instead of flowing along the entire membrane. Disorders of this process include Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Answer 140

Saltatory

Question 141

When discussing the Autonomic nervous system, the two categories sympathetic and parasympathetic innervate particular areas including the ______ division and the _____ division respectively.

Answer 141

1. thoracolumbar, 2. craniosacral

Question 142

In order to assess brain death, there must be a known _____ or ______ disease and cannot be caused by any ________ drugs or _______

Answer 142

1. structural, 2. metabolic, 3. depressant, 4. hypothermia

Question 143

When analyzing brain waves, a _____ frequency corerlates with inccreased cerebral activity.

Answer 143

higher

Question 144

Clinically important motor pathways include the _______, ________, _______ tracts, ______, _____ and ______ tracts

Answer 144

1. corticospinal, 2. cortiobulbar(brainstem), 3. pyramidal (precise motor movements), 4. reticulospinal (inhibits/excites spinal activity), 5. vestibulospinal (arises in pons, induces rapid extensor muscle contraction), 6. rubrospinal (muscle movement and fine control in upper extremities, arises from red nucleus)

Question 145

ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is the loss of ____ and _____ motor neurons resulting in progressive muscle weakness, there are no _____, _____ or ____ symptoms and typically affects muscle groups causing gradual flaccidness and paresis.

Answer 145

1. upper, 2. lower, 3. mental, 4. sensory, 5. autonomic

Question 146

Hyperthermia is elevation of body temperature that is not caused by the hypothalamus, at _____F nerve damage can occur and at _______F death results.

Answer 146

1. 105.8, 2. 109.4

Question 147

______ ________ is considered occuring after seizure activity lasts greater than __ minutes and is life threatening. Treatment includes oxygen, parenteral muscles relaxants or general anesthesia

Answer 147

1. status epilepticus, 2. 30

Question 148

Pain is an important mechanism that can signal distress or possible disease in the body and is not limited to just injuries. It is classified as a ____ rather than a clinical sign, diagnosis or disease of itself.

Answer 148

symptom

Question 149

_____ ______ occurs when someone experiences pain that is intense enough to mask pain from other areas that are less stimluated.

Answer 149

Perceptual Dominance

Question 150

______ ____ are a family of neuropeptides that inhibit pain across the nervous system by preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and are classified as four types: _______ are the most prevalent of the group and are concentrated to the thalamus and dorsal horn. ______ are produced in the brain and binds to receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. _______ are the most potent of the group and impede signals to the brain and also play roles in mood disorders and drug addiction. Finally, _____ bind to receptors in the brain, brainstem and gastrointestinal tract and include antiinflammatory as well as pain relieving effects.

Answer 150

1. Endogenous opiods, 2. Enkephalins, 3. Endorphins, 4. Dynorphins, 5. Endomorphins (1 and 2)

Question 151

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is thought to occur due to an accumulation of _____ in the CNS leading to over excitability of anterior horn cells. Eventually neurons die off where normally they would innervate skeletal muscles and thus cause a loss of _____ motor neuron function

Answer 151

1. glutamate, 2. lower

Question 152

______ area constitutes the sensory speech area and is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech.

Answer 152

Wernicke

Question 153

Nociceptors are categorized based on stimulus and the associated axons, they are classified as: _-___ fibers which are stimulated by severe mechanical deformation or extremes in temperature. _ ____ (unmyelinated) are polymodal and are stimulated by mechanical, thermal and chemical nociceptors and transmit slow dull pain. _-__ fibers are large myelinated fibers that transmit touch and vibration but do not cause pain.

Answer 153

1. A-delta, 2. C Fibers, 3. A-beta

Question 154

A _____ skill fracture can be tricky to diagnosis but may present with ecchymosis around the eyes, ears and nose or may have spinal fluid leaking from ear or nose. Scans may show air in the sinuses or intracranial air.

Answer 154

basilar

Question 155

When you hear a patient describe a headache as “worst headache of my life” you should immediately be concerned for _______ ____ and look for meningeal signs such as stiff neck and other neurological findings.

Answer 155

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 156

During neural development in children, ______ cells will separate from the neural tube and form the _____ ______ which later develops into the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 156

1. neuroectodermal, 2. neural crest.

Question 157

Neurofibromatosis can be categorized as type __ and __ where the former type involves cutaneous lesions that can invade organs and blood vessels while causing symptoms including epilepsy, blindness and deafness, while the latter only affects the CNS but may lead to brain tumor development.

Answer 157

1. 1, 2. 2

Question 158

The ____ _____ is the lowest area of the brainstem and regulated activities such as heart rate, blood pressure, various reflexes such as sneezing and vomiting.

Answer 158

medulla oblongata

Question 159

Certain types of posturing can indicate neural damage, for example ______ posture occurs due to upper motor neuron dysfunction and is seen as flexion of the upper extremities and feet extending outward, versus ______ posture which shows as all four limbs extended and an indication of _____ or ______ damage

Answer 159

1. decorticate, 2. decerebrate, 3. brain, 4. brainstem

Question 160

The ____ consists of the cerebral cortex (the largest portion of the brain) and basal ganglia, the surface is covered by ___ or convolutions that help expand the cortical surface area and are further separate by grooves or ____.

Answer 160

1. telencephalon, 2. gyri, 3. sulci

Question 161

Neuroanatomic structures found to be associated with schizophrenia development include reduced ______ and _____ _____ size, enlargement of the ____ and ____ ventricles and widening of the ________ fissures and ____

Answer 161

1. thalamus, 2. temporal lobe, 3. lateral, 4. third, 5. frontocortical, 5. sulci

Question 162

A cognitive cerebral function requires an intact ______ ______ system

Answer 162

reticular activating

Question 163

Human thermoregulation is achieved through heat ________, _______ and ____. With the normal body temperature ranging from ____ to _____ degrees Fahrenheit.

Answer 163

1. production, 2. conservation, 3. loss, 4. 97.2, 5. 99.9

Question 164

It should be noted that while there are named sections of the vertebral column that correlate with nerves going in and out all the way to the coccyx, the spinal cord itself actually only extends to the end of ___/___ of the vertebral column.

Answer 164

L1/L2

Question 165

Bipolar disorder is divided into two types: Type ___ involves manic episodes that are preceded by a hypomanic or depressive episode, while Type ___ involves a prolonged period of depression and a hypomanic episode.

Answer 165

1. 1, 2. 2

Question 166

_____ ____ are units that respond to stimuli and provide protection during motor output to muscles or glands.

Answer 166

Reflex arcs

Question 167

The process in which synapses change in number and strength is known as synaptic or _____(____)

Answer 167

neuroplasticity (plasticity)

Question 168

_____ is a defect of pattern recognition that typically affects tactile, visual or auditory senses and typically occurs in the interpretive areas of the cerebral cortex (temporo-occipital area)

Answer 168

agnosia

Question 169

The Basal Ganglia system is composed of the ____ _____, ____ and ____ ____

Answer 169

1. caudate nucleus, 2. putamen, 3. globus pallidus

Question 170

The main neurotransmitter in the GI tract is ______ which is also where 95% of this chemical lives.

Answer 170

serotonin

Question 171

In Alzheimer Dementia, ______ will accumulate in neurons and form _______ _____ which will lead to eventual death, this can also deposit in the smooth muscle of cerebral arteries causing a disturbance in blood flow.

Answer 171

1. amyloid, 2. neurofibrillary tangle

Question 172

Animal models demonstrate that depression like behavior correlates with atrophy of neurons in the _______ as well as reduced production of _______ neurons/factors

Answer 172

1. hippocampus, 2. hippocampal

Question 173

Nociception occurs in four phases: ______, occurs when tissue is damaged or exposed to chemicals and translates to electrophysiological activity, ______ is the conduction of pain along a-delta and c fibers which moves into the ____ horn of the spinal cord and branch into the dorsolateral tract. This stimuli then terminates at the _______ _____ and ascends to the brain through spinothalamic tracts and are then projected to the somatosensory cortex for interpretation. Then, _______ occurs within the reticular, limbic systems and the cerebral cortex and interact together to from the sensory-discrimination system and identifies characteristics of the pain. Finally, ______ occurs to regulate transmission of pain signals and can occur at any point during the process of pain.

Answer 173

1. transduction, 2. transmission, 3. dorsal, 4. substantia gelatinosa, 4. reception, 5. modulation

Question 174

The ____ area, inferior to the frontal lobe, is an important center for speech and language processing.

Answer 174

Broca

Question 175

Clinically important sensory pathways include the ______ column which carries fine touch, vibration and proprioceptive information, as well as the ______ and _____ spinothalamic tracts which are involved with vague touch as well as pain and temperature perception, respectively.

Answer 175

1. posterior, 2. anterior (vague touch), 3. lateral (pain, temperature perception)

Question 176

Seizures are characterized by a ____ phase, or increased muscle contraction and tone and a _____ phase which is an alternating cycle of contraction and relaxation of muscles.

Answer 176

1. tonic, 2. clonic

Question 177

When assessing structural alterations of arousal, generally causes of these include infection, vascular changes, neoplasms and injury. The location of these changes are divided into either _____ or _____ with the former being above the tentorium cerebelli and the latter below it and with it associated areas of the brain.

Answer 177

1. supratentorial, 2. infratentorial

Question 178

Vertebral injuries in adults occur typically at vertebrae __-__ (cervical), __-__ (same as prior) and ___ to ___ (Thoracic-lumbar) or the most mobile portions of the vertebral column.

Answer 178

1. C1-C2, 2. C4-C7, 3. T10-L2

Question 179

The brainstem has areas adjacent to the ____ involving arousal which make for a good site of assessment when wanting to determine any issues with brainstem function, for example ischemia or hypoxia can produce ____ ____

Answer 179

1. pupils, 2. fixed pupils

Question 180

_____ ______ defects can occur as a result of the neural folds failing to fold and seal properly in development leading complications such as brainstem displacement, spina bifida and meningocele

Answer 180

Neural tube

Question 181

When taking MAOIs it is important to stress that patients should not eat ______ rich foods due to causing a hypertensive crisis.

Answer 181

tyramine

Question 182

An example of nerves affected by the ______ _____ system involve the ____ nerves, which is because these nerves flow out of the cranio-sacral tracts

Answer 182

1. autonomic parasympathetic, 2. cranial

Question 183

Typical neurons only have one ____, which is wrapped in a lipid material called _____ that provides insulation and is formed by ______

Answer 183

1. axon, 2. myelin, 3. oligodendrocytes

Question 184

Along the precentral gyrus forms the ___ _____ ____ area which includes axons traveling in and out of this area forming the _____ system, which includes the corticobulbar tract and provides voluntary muscle control of the head and neck as well as the corticospinal tract that descends into the ____ ____ and provides voluntary muscle control to the rest of the body.

Answer 184

1. primary voluntary motor, 2. pyramidal, 3. spinal cord

Question 185

When thinking of cerebral blood flow, the range of optimal perfusion is __ - ___ mm Hg

Answer 185

1. 60, 2. 180

Question 186

The ______ areas of the brain are most sensitive to hypotensive changes during anesthesia and is usually found between the _____ and ____ cerebral artery circulations.

Answer 186

1. watershed, 2. anterior, 3. middle

Question 187

In general, the sympathetic nervous system promotes responses regarding the _____ of the individual and the most important function involves regulation of _____ ___

Answer 187

1. protection 2. vasomotor tone

Question 188

The Nervous System is divided into two systems, the _____ system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the _____ system is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves.

Answer 188

1. central, 2. peripheral

Question 189

Thermoregulation is primarily mediated by the _______. C fibers and A-delta fibers provide peripheral temperature information and receptors in the spinal cord and trigeminal ganglia provide central temperature information to the source of regulation.

Answer 189

Hypothalamus

Question 190

During incidents of fever, _____ ____ (AVP), ______-_____ hormone and ______-____ factor are released from the brain and act as antipyretics.

Answer 190

1. arginine vasopressin, 2. a-melanocyte-stimulating, 3. corticotropin-releasing

Question 191

In therapeutic forms, hypothermia protects the body via decreased _______ ___, ____ consumption and threshold of ______ delivery.

Answer 191

1. metabolic rate, 2. ATP, 3. oxygen

Question 192

_____ is an extracellular matrix protein that is involved in neuronal migration during development and is found to be reduced in the ________ cortex and ________ in schizophrenia. This protein is also found in interneurons that contain _____

Answer 192

1. Reelin, 2. prefrontal, 3. hippocampus 4. GABA

Question 193

Neurons are composed of a ___ ___, _____ and ____

Answer 193

cell body, dendrites, axons

Question 194

If strokes are diagnosed as ischemic, therapeutic treatent via _______ agents must be given within __ to ___ hours of first symptom onset.

Answer 194

1. thrombolytic, 2. 3, 3. 4.5

Question 195

_____ ____ serves as a primary regulator for blood flow in the ____ nervous system by acting as a vasodilator.

Answer 195

1. Carbon Dioxide, 2. Central

Question 196

____ is a multi phase process that provides restoration and promotes memory consolidation. Complex neural circuits interact with neurotransmitters and hormones to control the timing in coordiation with circadian rhythms.

Answer 196

Sleep

Question 197

The ______ of ______ provides alternative routes for blood flow when a contributing artery is obstructed blood flow and is formed by posterior cerebral arteries

Answer 197

Circle of Willis

Question 198

Three major arteries that perfuse the cerebellum and brainstem include: the _____ _____ cerebellar artery, ______ ______ cerebellar arter and the _____ cerebellar arteries.

Answer 198

1. posterior inferior, 2. anterior inferior, 3. superior

Question 199

Cerebral edema is thought to occur in three forms including ______,______ and _____ edema with the first type being the most common in clinical settings

Answer 199

1. vasogenic (permeability), 2. cytotoxic (metabolic), 3. Interstitial (hydrostatic pressure)

Question 200

Pyramidal tract disease tends to affect all _______ _____ activity (voluntary) and results from an _____ _____ lesion

Answer 200

1. skeletal motor, 2. upper motor

Question 201

Neurons are structurally classified on the number of _______ or _____ extending from the cell body. This includes four types of configurations: ______ neurons have one process that shortly branches after leaving the body, an example includes the retina. _____ neurons also have one process, but has dendritic portions extend away from the ____ nervous system and axons projecting towards it, examples of these include most sensory neurons. ____ neurons have two distinct process and connects rod and cone cells of the retina. ______ neurons are the most common of these and have multiple processes, an example includes motor neurons.

Answer 201

1. processes/projections, 2. Unipolar, 3. Psuedounipolar, 4. Central, 5. Bipolar, 6. Multipolar

Question 202

When assessing deep tendon reflexes, the _____ neuron is important in maintaining muscle tone.

Answer 202

gamma

Question 203

When opiate neuropeptides are created, they are cleaved from a large compound called ____-_______ (POMC) which when released also releases _______ ______ hormone and _____ _____ hormone.

Answer 203

1. Pro-opiomelanocortin, 2. adrenocortical stimulating, 3. melanocyte stimulating

Question 204

Cerebrospinal fluid protects intracranial and spinal structures from ____ and ____ and also prevents the brain from tugging on meninges, nerve roots and blood vessels via ______

Answer 204

1. jolts, 2. blows, 3. buoyancy

Question 205

When a stimulus is sent out from the spinal cord which involves the _______ neuron, _____ is always released as a neurotransmitter.

Answer 205

1. presynaptic, 2. acetylcholine

Question 206

While nutrition exchange is not possible throug the _____ ___, it can occur at nodes of _____ where axons are not insulated and can be branched by axons as well.

Answer 206

1. myelin sheath, 2. Ranvier.

Question 207

Four areas where hemorrhagic strokes are thought to occur include _____, ______, _____ and _______

Answer 207

1. subarachnoid, 2. subdural, 3. Epidural, 4. Intraparenchymal

Question 208

The ____ _____ falls between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater and gives space to veins, while the _____ ____ is between the arachnoid and pia mater and holds cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 208

1. subdural space, 2. subarachnoid space

Question 209

The _____ lobe facilitates motor and sensory communication via _______ ____

Answer 209

1. parietal, 2. association fibers

Question 210

When looking at cranial nerves, it is important to remember that there are _____ sympathetic fibers associated and are focused instead going out of _____-_____ areas

Answer 210

1. no, 2. thoraco-lumbar

Question 211

Peripheral nerves can repair themselves through local changes and is known as ____ _____. This process involves ______ and ____ cells eating any damaged tissue. the cell body undergoes ______ with swelling occuring in the axon terminal, causing degeneration and loss of contact with the ________ membrane. Eventually new terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment of the axon and are guided by _____ cells.

Answer 211

1. axonal reaction, 2. macrophages, 3. Schwann, 4. chromatolysis, 5. postsynaptic, 6. Schwann

Question 212

The principle of _______ applies when branches of various neurons group and influence a single neuron.

Answer 212

convergence

Question 213

Five types of traumatic injury that can alter temperature regulation include: _____ nervous system trauma, _______ injuries, _______ shock, _____ _____, and ______ _____

Answer 213

1. central, 2. accidental, 3. hemorrhagic, 4. major surgery, 5. thermal burns

Question 214

Malformations of the spine can include _____ and _____ where the former is a structural defect in the __ _______ of the vertebral arch, mainly found in L5. While the latter is an _____ defect that allows vertebra to slide forward in relation to the verbra below occuring at L5-S1

Answer 214

1. Spondylolysis, 2. Spondylolisthesis, 3. pars interarticularis, 4. osseous

Question 215

_____ control is the process of cerebral impulses controlling functions on the opposite side of the body.

Answer 215

contralateral

Question 216

When discussing clinical descriptors for pain, _____ and _____ pain are the most common forms expressed. The former term is relieved after any chemical mediators are removed and can stimulate the _______ nervous system resulting in symptoms such as increased heart rate and hypertension. The latter term can persist for more than 3 to 6 months and over time can cause structural changes to the brain.

Answer 216

1. acute, 2. chronic, 3. autonomic

Question 217

You should avoid giving ______ drugs to patients with present Lewy bodies.

Answer 217

neuroleptic

Question 218

Regions of the brain and spinal cord with a high level of _____ make up the ___ matter, while areas with lower levels (or areas mainly of cell bodies) are ____ matter.

Answer 218

1. myelination, 2. white, 3. gray

Question 219

____ is an important ion when discussing action potential of various muscles such as skeletal and cardiac muscles. One key difference though is that with _____ muscles the relationship is inverse while in _____ muscles the relationship is direct, or if one is increased so is the other.

Answer 219

1. Calcium, 2. Skeletal, 3. Cardiac

Question 220

Three types of alterations of arousal are ______, _____ and ______

Answer 220

1. structural, 2. metabolic, 3. psychogenic

Question 221

If there is damage or the axon becomes severed, it may attempt to repair itself back to the point of attachment which is called _____ ______, however in the event the damage is too severe, _____ ____ can occur resulting in loss of sensation and effect.

Answer 221

1. axonal sprouting, 2. denervation atrophy

Question 222

The cranial floor is divided into three fossae which act as exit sites for cranial nerves, blood vessels and the spinal cord and include the _____,____ and _____ fossa.

Answer 222

1. anterior (frontal lobe), 2. middle (temporal), 3. posterior (cerebellum)

Question 223

The ____ ____ _____ (BBB) selectively inhibits potentially harmful substances in the blood from entering interstitial spaces of the brain. This is highly permeable to water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and lipid soluble solutions and non permeable to plasma proteins (immune functions) and large non-lipid molecules.

Answer 223

Blood Brain Barrier

Question 224

Due to serotonin having a variety of effects, it has been classified into ____ types of receptors. The first receptor is ______ and affects presynaptic neurotrainsmitter release. The second receptor is ______ and affects postsynaptic receptors. The third receptor mainly affects the central area of the brain responsible for nausea and is considered ______ as well.

Answer 224

1. 3, 2. inhibitory, 3. excitatory, 4. excitatory

Question 225

CT scans are effective at evaluating whether a stroke is _____ or _____

Answer 225

1. ischemic, 2. hemorrhagic

Question 226

Neurons are functionally classified as ______ neurons, which carry impulses, _____ neurons which transmit impulses from neuron to neuron and are mainly found in the _____ nervous system, and finally ___ neurons transmit impulses away from the ____ nervous system to effector organs, for example the skeletal muscle has a special structure known as a _____-_____ junction which allows for axons to meet at end processes.

Answer 226

1. sensory, 2. association, 3. central, 4. motor, 5. neuro-muscular

Question 227

Normal sleep has two phases that involve ____ ___ ______ (REM) and non-____.

Answer 227

1. rapid eye movement, 2. REM

Question 228

The cerebellum, contained in the _____, fine tunes motor control and helps maintain balance through neural pathways with the medulla. It also functions via _____ (same) control versus the cerebral cortex which functions via ______ control of the body.

Answer 228

1. hindbrain, 2. ipsilateral, 3. contralateral

Question 229

Causes of migraines are explained via the _______ theory or that abnormal trigeminic nerve activity due to changes in _______ pathways as well as stimulation of c fibers of trigeminal sensory nerves leading to a release of vasoactive peptides (substance, P, calcitonin gene realted peptide (CGRP), neurokinin A) and invasion from mast cells.

Answer 229

1. neuropeptide, 2. serotonin

Question 230

SSRIs should be avoided with other anti-psychotic medications due to inhibition of _-__ cytochrome isoenzymes which can lead to ______ ______ causing autonomic hyperactivity, rigidity, hyperthermia and eventually coma/death

Answer 230

1. P-450, 2. serotonin syndrome

Question 231

When discussing resting action potential and the voltage of typical mammalian nerve cells, usually the amount is around (-) ___ millivolts and without the ____ _______ to hold the potential charge, we would blow up!

Answer 231

1. 90, 2. cell membrane

Question 232

______ and ______ are saclike cysts that can develop due to neural tube defects. The former is a mild form of spina bifida and contains CSF, while the latter is similiar except it involves a portion of the spinal cord and associated nerves.

Answer 232

1. meningocele, 2. myelomeningocele

Question 233

Memory can be divided into two categories: ______ memory involves learning and remembering personal events as well as factual information, while _____ memory is known as reflexive or implicit memories such as habits, skills and actions.

Answer 233

1. Declarative, 2. Nondeclarative

Question 234

Within the nervous system there are three components that mediate the ______, _____ and _____ to pain. These include _____ ______, which ascent to higher centers of the central nervous system, the _______ ____ located in the diencephalon and hindbrain and ______ _____ that descend from the CNS to the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.

Answer 234

1. sensation, 2. perception, 3. response, 4. afferent pathways, 5. interpretive centers, 6. efferent pathways

Question 235

When assessing for possible meningitis, one hallmark assessment involves ____ _____ which causes involuntary hip flexion and muscle spasms, it is important to realize that children ___ develop this symptom in the case of meningitis.

Answer 235

1. nuchal rigidity, 2. don’t

Question 236

Acetylcholine utlilizes two types of receptors, the _____ and _____ receptors, where the former stimulates dopamine.

Answer 236

1. nicotinic, 2. muscarinic

Question 237

The ______ lobe holds the primary _____ cortex (Brodmann area 17).

Answer 237

1. Occipital, 2. Visual

Question 238

Surrounding gray matter, _____ ____ forms pathways called spinal tracts which allows the spinal cord to carry impulses to various areas of the nervous system.

Answer 238

1. white matter

Question 239

_____ cells provide structure, protection and nutrition to neurons and faciliate neurotransmission. These cells consist of astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes in the _____ nervous system and also include Schwann (neurilemma) and satellite cells in the _____ nervous system.

Answer 239

1. Neuroglial, 2. Central, 3. Peripheral

Question 240

The ______ lobe holds the primary _____ cortex (Brodmann area 41 and 42).

Answer 240

1. Temporal, 2. auditory

Question 241

Ischemia in the brain leads to a release of ______ which is a known excitotoxin that causes an influx of _____ into neuron cells and causing hyperexcitability via ________ membrane potential.

Answer 241

1. glutamate, 2. calcium, 3. depolarizing

Question 242

Ischemic strokes are mainly classified as ______, _______ and _____. The first type involves occlusions arisng from thrombus formation in arteries supplying the brain and intracranial vessels. The second kind results from the first where a thrombus will break off and release smaller parts of the thrombus to travel through the vessels which can lead to additional episodes of stroke. The last type involves mainly perivascular edema which can become likely due to risk factors such as hypertension, smoking and hyperlipidemia.

Answer 242

1. Thrombotic, 2. Embolic, 3. Lacunar

Question 243

_-__ __ can help identify bony defects, erosion or calcified structures

Answer 243

x-ray films

Question 244

When comparing Pain threshold and tolerance, ________ is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain, while _______ is the amount of time or intensity of pain someone will endure before starting pain responses, which can decrease over time with repeated exposure.

Answer 244

1. Threshold, 2. Tolerance

Question 245

In an area of hypoxia, the surrounding area called the ____ _____ is not completely affected by the damage and can be reversed if _______ agents are given within 3 hours.

Answer 245

1. ischemic penumbra, 2. thrombolytic

Question 246

_______ induced hyperalgesia is thought to be induced through long term use or even just one use of these drugs via increased sensitization of pro-nocioceptive NMDA pathways.

Answer 246

Opioid

Question 247

Within the _____ nervous system, spinal nerves will meet in the region of the _____ _____ and form the spinal nerve trunk, after converging the nerve divides into anterior and posterior ____ (branches). Anterior sides will form ____ (fiber networks) and branch into the peripheral nerves, while the posterior side provides sensory signals to various peripheral nerve sites.

Answer 247

1. peripheral, 2. intervertebral foramen, 3. rami, 4. plexuses

Question 248

Regarding pain and temperature signals, the _____ _____ tract carries signals pertaining to touch and proprioception, while the _____-_____ _______ tract sends pain and temperature signals to the Thalamus and correlates with the Limbic system.

Answer 248

1. dorsal leminscal, 2. antero-lateral spinothalamic

Question 249

Heat production is initiated by the ______ ______-_____ _____-_____ hormone (TSH-RH) which can also be reversed in the event of the body needing to lose heat.

Answer 249

Hypothalamic thyrotropin-stimulating hormone-releasing

Question 250

The _________ system is a part of the motor control system that causes involuntary reflexes and has a stabilizing effect on motor control.

Answer 250

extrapyramidal

Question 251

Most CNS disorders produce _____ and ______

Answer 251

1. nausea, 2. vomiting

Question 252

In order to maintain optimal neurologic function, the body must maintain an equilibrium of _____ _____ and _____ ____ in accordance to the pH of the body and when there is elevated _____ _____ or pH, blood flow will _____ to regulate the balance.

Answer 252

1. carbon dioxide, 2. carbonic acid, 3. carbon dioxide, 4. increase