Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The generation of different types of bone, cartilage and fat cells are created by ________ ___ cells (MSC) which are formed within the ______ ______
- mesenchymal stem, 2. bone marrow
_______ ______ is a homogeneous gelatinous medium that is composed of minerals such as ______ that give bones their rigidity and is made up of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
- ground substance, 2. calcium
Bone development is regulated by two processes: _______ ossification occurs when chondrocytes are formed and develop ______ which leads to develop of osteoblasts, long bones and most bones are made this way. _______ ossification is responsible for skull and flat bone development.
- endochondral, 2. cartilage, 3. intramembranous
____ _____ _____ (BMP) plays a major role in bone formation and are members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily
bone morphogenic protein
___ genes are a large family of protein signaling factors required for development of many body systems including forming bone, developing bone mass and healing fractures.
Wnt
_____, ______ and _____ are the three types of bone cells with ______ and ______ regulating ligand (RANKL) which controls ________ regulation, leading to a continuous renewal of the skeletal system.
- osteoblasts, 2. osteocytes, 3. osteoclasts, 4. osteoblasts, 5. osteocytes, 6. osteoclasts
A primary function of osteocytes are to function as ________ which respond to changes in weight or stressors on the bone.
mechanoreceptors
osteoblasts initiate formation of new bones by synthesizing _____, which are composed of collagen and small amounts of glycosaminoglycans
osteoids
______ (OPG) is a glycoprotein that regulates bone formation by inhibiting _______ and will compete with RANKL to bind to RANK sites and therefore regulates the rate of bone loss
- osteoprotegerin, 2. osteoclasts
The bone matrix is comprised of extracellular elements including _____ (35%) and _______ (65%)
- osteoid, 2. minerals
______ are complexes of polysaccharides that handle transport and distribution of ions, particularly _______, through the bone matrix and play a role in deposition and _______ of minerals
- proteoglycans, 2. calcium, 3. calcification
After collagen synthesis and fiber formation, the last step in bone formation is ________ which has two distinct phases: 1. formation of ______ crystals and 2. ______ of ______ into the extracellular matrix and deposit between collagen fibrils.
- mineralization, 2. hydroxyapatite, 3. proliferaiton, 4. hydroxyapatite
All bones are covered with a connective tissue called the ______ which is anchored to the bone by _____ fibers (collagenous)
- periosteum, 2. Sharpey
The human skeleton is composed of two types of skeletons, the _____ skeleton consist of 80 bones and makes up the skull, vertebral column and the thorax, while the _____ skeleton consists of 126 bones (a total of 206) and makes up the upper and lower extremities as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdle.
- axonal, 2. appendicular
Within the ______ cavity of the bone, there contains ____ marrow which is made of fat and ____ marrow which is assisted by the former and produces blood cells.
- medullary, 2. yellow, 3. red
When there are gross injuries such as fractures, bones are able to heal like tissue injuries, except instead of scar tissue, ______ ____ is formed.
new bone
The stages of bone repair include: _______ formation, which occur if vessels were damaged within bone structures. ________ formation occurs next where fibroblasts and osteoblasts produce ______ (granulation tissue). Then ______ formation occurs where woven bone or callus is made and allows for phosphate to bind with calcium and induce hardening of the bone. Lastly, _______ and ______ happen where bone cells become replaced with bone structures which leads to eventual replication of the injured bone.
- hematoma, 2. procallus, 3. procallus, 4. callus, 5. replacement, 6. remodeling
A site where two bones meet is generally known as a _____ these are categorized by movement, which includes _______ (synarthrosis), ______ _____ (amphiarthrosis) and _______ _____ (diarthrosis). They are also categorized on structure and include the following: ______, _____ and _____
- joints, 2. immoveable, 3. slightly moveable, 4. freely moveable. 5. fibrous, 6. cartilaginous, 7. synovial
Fibrous joints are generally ________ but can allow for some mobility depending on the subtype of this joint which includes ______, found in flat bones of child skulls, ______ allows for some streching of paired bones such as the radial and ulnar bones, and lastly ______ is a form of fibrous joints that is a conical projection that fits into a socket such as the mandible or maxilla.
- synarthroses, 2. sutures, 3. syndesmosis, 4. gomphosis
Cartilaginous joints are divided into two types of sub joints. A _____ allows for two bones to be connected by fibrocartillage which includes examples like the _____ ____. A ______ is a joint that uses _____ cartilage rather than fibrocartilage and is found in areas such as joints between the sternum and ribs.
- symphysis, 2. symphysis pubis, 3. syncondrosis, 4. hyaline
Synovial joints are the most movable of joints and are composed of several parts including the ______ capsule, ______ cavity, _______ fluid which lubricates joints for movement and ______ cartilage.
- joint, 2. joint, 3. synovial, 4. articular
An important component to muscle cell formation involves _____ _____ an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to substrate proteins allowing for the cell proccesses to occur.
protein kinase
The _____ is a connective tissue framework that surrounds skeletal muscles and are divided into three layers: the ______ is the surface layer and tapers on ends to form _____. the ______ is the layer that subdivided muscle fibers into fascicles and the inner layer or the ______ surrounds the fasicles and all play a role in buffering muscle from strains.
- fascia, 2. epimysium, 3. tendons, 4. perimysium, 5. endomysium
Muscles contain sensory receptors including ______, that respond to muscle stretching and ____ ____ organs which are actually dendrites that branch to nearby tendons. These structures also secrete _____ (NRG) which can increase the amount of acetylcholine receptors in the event of increased streching, tension or velocity of muscle activity.
- Spindles, 2. golgi tendon, 3. neuregulin
