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Advanced PathoPhysiology > Cellular/Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Cellular/Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

During _________ the negative polarity of the resting membrane potential is reestablished.

A

repolarization

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2
Q

____ ____ can persist in dead cells due to lysosomes being unable to break it down.

A

Uric Acid

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3
Q

The ____ _______ enzyme is responsible for the chemical buffer system that helps convert bicarbonate and the hydronium ion into _______ _______

A
  1. Carbonic Anhydrase, 2. Carbon Dioxide
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4
Q

Homeostasis tries to keep the body in a healthy state of balance by regulating _____ , ______ , and ______

A
  1. Acid-base balance, 2. Temperature , 3. Membrane electrical charges
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5
Q

The three kinds of cell deaths include:

A
  1. Necrosis, 2. Apoptosis, 3. Nutritional starvation of the cell
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6
Q

Necrosis can be categorized as four major types:

A
  1. Liquefactive, 2. Coagulative, 3. Caseous, 4. Fatty
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7
Q

______ occurs when oxygen is not restored within the cell causing cavities to develop within the cytoplasm

A

Vacuolation

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8
Q

When digested, Fats are broken down into _____ and ______

A
  1. fatty acids, 2. glycerol
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9
Q

______ _______ prevent diffusion among cells

A

Tight Junctions

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10
Q

A stable internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

During Hypothermia, studies have shown that ____ is increased due to decreased perfusion of the heart due to increased ____ concentration.

A
  1. ROS, 2. Superoxide
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12
Q

Two common areas for proteins to accumulate include:

A
  1. Epithelial cells of the renal convulated tubule, 2. B Lymphocytes
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13
Q

The human body is about _____ percent water or around _____ liters per average adult

A
  1. 57, 2. 40
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14
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose osmosis is known as ________ of a solution

A

Osmotic Pressure

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15
Q

Exocytosis is the ________ or _______ of material from intracellular vesicles at the cell surface

A

Secretion or discharge

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16
Q

One important aspect of the cell membrane is that it is _____ __________ which will allow certain things to pass through such as water and lipids but not _____ or water soluble solutions such as ____ and ____ without a means of diffusion or binding to channels.

A
  1. Semi-permeable, 2. Ions, 3. proteins, 4. carbohydrates
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17
Q

Any other body cell that is not related to egg cells are reproduced through the processes of _______ and _________

A
  1. Mitosis, 2. Cytokinesis
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18
Q

When it comes to membrane transport, passive transport differs from active transport where molecules will flow from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _____ concentration

A
  1. High, 2. Low
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19
Q

In _____ feedback systems, the body will produce as much as it needs to carry out a function, this isn’t the case in every system and can sometimes be the result of a pathological issue.

A

Positive

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20
Q

If unconjugated bilirubin binds to the plasma membrane of a cell, it could injure the cell by two methods:

A
  1. Causing a loss of cellular proteins, 2. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
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21
Q

A ____ will resist changes to the acid-base balance

A

Buffer

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22
Q

The body is mainly composed of three embryonic types of tissues. The ____ is found in the nerves, eyes and skin. The ______ is mesenchymal and located in muscles and the genitourinary tract. The _____ is found prominently in visceral organs.

A
  1. Ectoderm, 2. Mesoderm, 3. Endoderm
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23
Q

What are the two major second messenger pathways?

A
  1. cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) , 2. Ca++
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24
Q

_____ is the movement of cells/organisms and this process is facilitated by _____ _____ to allow movement in and out of cells.

A
  1. Chemotaxis, 2. Adhesion Molecules
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25
Q

__________ is defined as an increase in cell size and is classified as either pathological or physiological.

A

Hypertrophy

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26
Q

CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules) are comprised of what four protein families?

A
  1. Integrins, 2. Cadherins, 3. Selectins, 4. immunoglobins
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27
Q

A mechanism of the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) that can measure cell stress is known as _________

A

UPR (unfolded protein response)

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28
Q

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Steroid Hormones are examples of _____ molecules

A

nonpolar

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29
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the synthesis of these hormones:

A

Steroid Hormones

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30
Q

When using direct cell to cell communication, ___ _____ are a good example of allowing certain cells such as ____ or _____ cells to be able to synchronize contractile responses or facilitate action potential via ion transport.

A
  1. Gap Junctions, 2. Muscle, 3. Uterine
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31
Q

When acids create hydrogen ions/bases, acids ending in ___ will create bases ending in ___ or become what the parent acid was prior to dissociation.

A
  1. ic, 2. ate
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32
Q

_______ or Connective Tissue Cells, create these three kinds of fibers: _______ , ________ , and ______

A
  1. Fibroblasts, 2. Collagen, 3. Elastin, 4. Reticular
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33
Q

Two types of hyperplasia include _________ and ________ with the latter primarily affecting estrogen dependent organs.

A
  1. Compensatory, 2. Hormonal
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34
Q

______ is defined as a complete lack of oxygen.

A

Anoxia

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35
Q

Even when oxygen is restored to the cell, the presence of reactive oxygen intermediates can cause damage to the cell membrane and overload the mitochondria with calcium by ________ ______

A

Reperfusion (Reoxygenation) Injury

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36
Q

The _____ ______ utilizes signaling to allow an outside chemical to make contact with a cell and form a second chemical on the inside which typically is ____ or ___ that will carry out the message to the cell, which is then broken down by ____

A
  1. Second Messenger, 2. cAMP, 3. cGMP, 4. phosphodiesterase
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37
Q

The total number of ______ is fixed in the nervous system at birth and cannot be replaced.

A

Neurons

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38
Q

In adults, the majority of fluid volume is _____ the cell while children tend to have more fluid _____ the cell

A
  1. Outside, 2. Inside
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39
Q

Peroxisomes get their name by using enzymes that utilize ______ to remove hydrogen from specific substrates which produces Hydrogen Peroxide (H202)

A

Oxygen

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40
Q

The most common site for lipids to accumulate is in the ________

A

Liver

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41
Q

Reproduction of ______ (sperm and egg cells) occur through the process of _________

A
  1. gametes, 2. meiosis
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42
Q

Enzymes are a type of _____ that typically end in the letters ___

A
  1. Protein, 2. ‘ase’
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43
Q

The most obvious signs of ______ death include the cessation of _______ and ________

A
  1. Somatic, 2. Respirations, 3. Circulation
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44
Q

Atrophy can be classified as _______ or ________ despite cells showing the same basic changes.

A

Physiological, Pathological

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45
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) not only stores energy but also _______ energy

A

transports

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46
Q

The two types of solutes include _____ and ______

A

Electrolytes and non electrolytes (glucose, urea, creatinine)

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47
Q

Intracellular ________ is the main protector against mercury induced CNS and kidney damage.

A

Glutathione

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48
Q

ROS can be inactivated by the enzyme _________ __________

A

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

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49
Q

The space between cells within tissues are separated by _____ _____

A

Interstitial Fluids

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50
Q

The Peroxidative Reaction Formula is: (Or removal of a hydrogen)

A

H2O2 + R1H2 -> R1 + 2H2O2

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51
Q

______ is digestion of any food stuff in its smallest form, i.e. amino acids. which takes place _____ the cell. (Think of this from a cellular standpoint and not a ‘respiratory’ standpoint which is ventilation.)

A
  1. Respiration, 2. Inside
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52
Q

This vitamin affects amino acid transfer reactions

A

Pyroxidine (B6)

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53
Q

Three types of epithelial cell layers include ______ , _______ , and ________

A
  1. Simple, 2. Stratified, 3. Pseudo-stratified
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54
Q

Functions of the Nucleus include: _____, ______, and _______

A

Cell division, control of genetic information, and replication/repair of DNA

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55
Q

Tissue with ______ are less likely to be affected by radiation due to the lack of ____ produced by radiolysis of water

A
  1. hypoxia, 2. ROS
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56
Q

One example of a protein buffer found in red blood cells includes _____ which acts as an _____ since it is INSIDE the cell

A
  1. Hemoglobin, 2. Anion
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57
Q

________ ________ is considered the most common chemical asphyxiant

A

Carbon Monoxide

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58
Q

Cancer cells are known to travel by three methods:

A
  1. Direct Invasion, 2. Hematologic (bloodstream), 3. Lymphatic Channels
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59
Q

These junctions enhance communication among cells

A

Gap Junctions

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60
Q

During metabolic failure due to ______ , the lack of _____ permits excessive influx of _____ into the cell which will also bring in more _______

A
  1. Hypoxia, 2. ATP, 3. Sodium, 4. Water
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61
Q

A ______ is a chemical made by cells that can affect other cells’ growth and activity.

A

Cytokine

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62
Q

_____ is defined as the number of charges a charged molecule has

A

Valence

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63
Q

Most of the ATP that is generated occurs during the __________________

A

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)

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64
Q

a rectal temperature of _____ due to heat sroke is considered life threatening.

A

41C (106F)

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65
Q

Since 2001, no active vaccines contain _______ which is a derivative of _____ ______ with the exception of the inactivated influenza vaccine.

A
  1. Thimerosal, 2. Ethyl Mercury
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66
Q

Heat-shock proteins tag certain proteins with ______ when it is time for the protein to be degraded

A

ubiquitin

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67
Q

___ gangrene is often caused by an infection from the _____ species

A
  1. Gas, 2. Clostridium
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68
Q

Three types of epithelial cell shapes include _______, ______ , and ________

A
  1. Squamous, 2. Cuboidal, 3. Columnar
69
Q

_______ combines with Ferric iron in cytochrome oxidase which prevents intracellular use of oxygen.

A

Cyanide

70
Q

_________ __________ are a result of cells being unable to utilize oxygen

A

Asphyxial Injuries

71
Q

Bases (alkali) accept ______ while Acids give away ______

A
  1. Hydrogen + , 2. Hydrogen +
72
Q

______ Necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis and gets its name from looking like clumped cheese. TB is the most common cause of this necrosis.

A

Caseous

73
Q

One important protein in the cell cycle known as ______ which causes phosphorylation (activation) of the _____ ______ ______ that inhibits cell replication and allows cell to replicate again.

A
  1. MYC, 2. retinoblastoma susceptibility protein
74
Q

When it comes to chemical injuries to cells, the two general methods this occurs include:

A
  1. Direct Toxicity, 2. Conversion to toxic metabolites/intermediates
75
Q

_________ increases the risk of decompression sickness due to immersion of the body in water _____ venous return to the heart.

A
  1. Dehydration, 2. increasing
76
Q

Eukaryotes tend to be ______ and have _______ anatomy compared to Prokaryotes

A

Larger, extensive

77
Q

Proteins are composed of _____ molecules including ______ , ______ , ______ and ______

A
  1. Organic, 2. Carbon, 3. Oxygen, 4. Hydrogen, 5. Nitrogen
78
Q

_______ are bodies between cells

A

Desmosomes

79
Q

The three major enzyme systems responsible for metabolizing alcohol to ______ include:

A
  1. acetalydehyde, 2. alcohol deydrogenase (ADH), 3. Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS;CYP2E1), 4. Catalase
80
Q

When increasing the number of available receptors for the purposes of ligands to bind to this is known as __ _______ and vice versa, decreasing the amount of receptors is ___ _____

A
  1. Up regulation, 2. Down regulation
81
Q

The main components of cell membranes are _____ and ________

A

Lipids, proteins

82
Q

Depolarization occurs as _____ flows into the cell as a result of membrane potential ________ , causing the cell to be _________ charged and polarity _______

A
  1. Sodium, 2. decreasing/moves forward, 3. positively, 4. neutralized
83
Q

In pregnancy, ____ is capable of regulating gene transcription and the production of developmental cells in the placenta

A

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

84
Q

Cell suicide is known as _______

A

apoptosis

85
Q

______ is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue due to increased cellular division.

A

Hyperplasia

86
Q

When Acids dissociate in a solution to form Hydrogen ions, the leftover of the acids forms a _______ ________

A

Conjugate Base

87
Q

Certain electrolytes in the ECF include ______ , _______ , and _______

A
  1. Sodium, 2. Bicarbonate, 3. Chloride
88
Q

The Four Phases of Mitosis in order are:

A
  1. Prophase, 2. metaphase, 3. anaphase, 4. telophase
89
Q

Free Radicals have been observed to be able to be countered by __________ which are prevalent in foods such as _____ and ______ as well as certain vitamins and may even be able to prevent cancer.

A
  1. Antioxidants, 2. Fruits, 3. Vegetables
90
Q

ROS can also regulate signaling components and mediate modifications of molecules in intracellular signaling by ________ ________

A

redox signaling

91
Q

The eight main functions of cells are:

A
  1. Movement, 2. Conductivity, 3. Metabolic absorption, 4. Secretion, 5. Excretion, 6. Respiration, 7. Reproduction, 8. Communication
92
Q

Enzymes within the Mitochondria that are apart of the respiratory chain are responsible for the cell’s ____

A

ATP

93
Q

______ __ ____ is a term used when cell dysplasia penetrates the basement membrane

A

carcinoma in situ

94
Q

When intracellular enzymes leak into peripheral circulation due to cell injury, this provides a _____ ____ for evaulating tissue specific cellular injuries.

A

Diagnostic tool

95
Q

When thinking of osmotic pressure, if a barrier allows for the movement of _____ then that by itself will move from a ____ concentration to ____ concentration, however if the barrier does not allow this then ____ must move towards ___ to equalize distribution.

A
  1. Solutes, 2. Higher, 3. Lower, 4. Water, 5. Solutes
96
Q

Cells communicate with each other by what three methods?

A
  1. Display plasma membrane signaling molecules, 2. Target protein receptors inside the target cell by allowing the signal molecule to enter the said cell and 3. Forming protein channels that coordinate adjacent cell activity.
97
Q

The three kinds of muscles tissue include:

A
  1. Skeletal, 2. Smooth, 3. Cardiac
98
Q

Melanin accumulation can lead to the development of _____ and is also present in _______ ______

A
  1. Freckles, 2. Addison’s Disease
99
Q

When thinking of non lipid based ligands, these must pass through cell membrane receptors such as:

A
  1. G protein receptors (cAMP, DAG-IP3, second messenger system), 2. Transmembrane receptors, 3. Ligand gated ion channel receptors
100
Q

Electrolytes dissociate into _____ when placed in solution.

A

Ions

101
Q

ROS is known for causing a great deal of side effects within the cell but the three important ones include:

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation, 2. Damage to DNA, 3. Protein malfunction as well as fragmentation of polypeptide chains
102
Q

______ is the permanent proliferative arrest of cells due to various stressors and possibly causes aging.

A

Senescence

103
Q

In _____ feedback systems, the body will continue production of a product until the cycle finishes and starts over but then will switch off the production in order to prevent excessive work

A

Negative

104
Q

When thinking of fluid concentration and medical fluids, three main types of fluids are ____, ____ and _____ the first being considered equal to the body’s normal concentration of fluid, the second involving more water than solutes and the third having more concentration of solutes than water.

A
  1. Isotonic, 2. Hypotonic, 3. Hypertonic
105
Q

Autophagic cell death is classified as ________ and is described as multiple cytoplasmic vesicles engulfing bulk organelles/cytoplasm while ________ is only apoptosis and is activated by _____

A
  1. Type II Cell Death, 2. Type I Cell Death, 3. Caspase
106
Q

Protein buffer systems cannot remove _____ but are able to hold onto it and prevent the pH from changing until it can properly disposed of.

A

Acids

107
Q

One of the first mitogens discovered is known as _______________ or PDGF

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor.

108
Q

a low pH and high hydrogen ions in the body indicates ____ while a high pH and low hydrogen ions will be more ____

A
  1. Acidity, 2. Basic (Alkaline)
109
Q

Cells are held together by three different means:

A
  1. ECM (Extracellular Matrix), 2. Cell Adhesion, 3. Specialized Cell Junctions
110
Q

Ligands that are lipid soluble include:

A
  1. Steroid Hormones ( Corticosteroids, Sex Hormones, Vitamin D)
111
Q

Four waste products created by aerobic metabolism include:

A
  1. H2O, 2. CO2, 3. Ammonia (NH3), 4. urea
112
Q

When describing blood flow, the two important pressure at work are ______ pressure and ____ ____ pressure where the first pressure pushes blood through to the capillaries and as that pressure decreases, the second pressure pulls fluid back into circulation.

A
  1. Hydrostatic, 2. Colloid Oncotic
113
Q

A ______ ________ is an independent molecule capable of existing independently and contains a single unpaired electron, making it unstable, in the outer orbit of the cell.

A

Free Radical

114
Q

The four phases of the cell cycle include:

A
  1. G1 Phase, 2. S Phase (Synthesis), 3. G2 Phase, 4. Mitosis/Cytokinesis
115
Q

______ are hairlike projections that propel various body secretions out of the body and are commonly seen in the respiratory tract.

A

Cilia

116
Q

Cell Surface Proteins usually belong to these three classes:

A
  1. Ion Channel Receptors, 2. G-protein receptors, 3. Enzyme linked receptors
117
Q

_____ is considered to be a non-programmed form of cell death, however it also can be considered regulated via death proteases.

A

Necrosis

118
Q

The most common cause of hypoxia is ________

A

ischemia

119
Q

____ are the by-products of life (metabolism)

A

Acids

120
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is converted into_______ ____ and without oxygen will eventually convert into ________

A
  1. pyruvic acid, 2. lactic acid
121
Q

Cells are able to self recognize via _______ ________

A

Receptor Proteins

122
Q

Four major groups of Sterol (Steroid) Hormones that are similar in chemical structure and are derived from ______ include these four types (Think ‘one’):

A
  1. Progesterone, 2. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone), 3. Gluccocorticoids (cortisone), 4. Estradiol, 5. Testosterone
123
Q

______ are cell receptors that can recognize and bind smaller molecules

A

Ligands

124
Q

When ATP is synthesized without oxygen in an electron transport chain, an ___________ metabolic pathway opens

A

anaerobic

125
Q

_______ is defined as a decrease or shrinkage in cell size from a cellular standpoint.

A

Atrophy

126
Q

________ ________ is a condition where carbon dioxide and nitrogen are unable to be dissolved in the blood and form ____ ____

A
  1. Decompression Sickness, 2. gas emboli
127
Q

When thinking of anaerobic metabolism, examples of pathophysiology can include when a person is in respiratory distress and lack oxygen the creation of ____ for energy needs is converted into _____ ___ which can build up and cause an _____ state in the person.

A

1 pyruvate, 2. Lactic acid. 3. acidic

128
Q

________ is defined as a reversable replacement of a mature by a less mature cell or change in phenotype.

A

Metaplasia

129
Q

Living Cells are divided into ______ and ______

A

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

130
Q

When the body is deficient in lipids, the body compensates by pulling fatty acids from adipose tissue causing _____ to form as a byproduct and can result in a loss of ______ and ______ when eliminated.

A
  1. Ketones, 2. water, 3. electrolytes
131
Q

The four primary types of tissues are:

A
  1. Connective, 2. Neural, 3. Epithelial, 4. Muscle
132
Q

Of the four pathways of Degradation, which of them is crucial in the role of homeostasis?

A

Autophagy

133
Q

Lead poisoning can be dangerous especially to children due to it’s high affinity of binding to ______ based enzymes and alters the concentration of ______ ions in cells

A
  1. Calcium, 2. Calcium
134
Q

______ are cytoplasmic projections that assist with functions including absorption and secretion.

A

Microvilli

135
Q

____ _____ ____ or ROS is a product of aerobic metabolism that plays many roles in the cell including regulating protein stability, function, location and interaction with other proteins.

A

Reactive Oxygen Species

136
Q

Two important regulatory molecules that determine progress of the cell cycle include __________ and _______ where the former requires binding from the latter to become active complexes.

A
  1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), 2. Cyclin,
137
Q

DAP-IP3 is another second messenger that operates by interacting with __ protein receptors which causes the breakdown of _____ in the cell membrane. The second messenger then stimulates the release of ____ and ____enzymes which carries out the function.

A
  1. G, 2. phospholipids, 3. calcium, 4. kinase
138
Q

____ ____ is a lipid soluble gas that interacts with cells via second messengers which utilize ____ and is then degraded by ___ ____ after use.

A
  1. Nitric Oxide (EDRF), 2. cGMP, 3. Phosphodiesterase Enzymes
139
Q

The two main functions of Exocytosis are:

A
  1. Replacing areas of the plasma membrane removed by endocytosis, 2. Release molecules synthesized by the cell into the ECM
140
Q

While _____ are known for being substances that bind to receptors, they also serve multiple purposes such as _____ , _____ and function as _____ _______

A

1.Ligands, 2. Hormones, 3. Proteins, 4. Second Messengers

141
Q

______ is an important chemical that is necessary for aerobic metabolism, pathologically when a person lacks enzymes to synthesize ____ , a component of this important chemical, you will run into a disease called ____ which involves the hematological system.

A
  1. Cytochrome, 2. porphyrins, 3. prophyria
142
Q

Lipid molecules are known to be _______ or a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic aspects.

A

amphipathic

143
Q

Transmembrane receptors utilize a _____ and _____ domain and within the cell to carry out responses via ___ ___ activation through creating ____ _____

A
  1. Extracellular, 2. Intracellular, 3. cytoplasmic enzyme, 4. second messengers
144
Q

A substrate is….

A

A substance that is converted to a product from a reaction.

145
Q

In Lysosomes the four pathways of degradation are:

A
  1. Endocytosis, 2. Phagocytosis, 3. Macropinocytosis and 4. Autophagy
146
Q

During aerobic metabolism, substances such as ____ and ___ ____ that can’t be broken down in the cytoplasm are moved to the _______ and initiate a process known as ___ _____ (Citric Acid Cycle).

A
  1. pyruvate, 2. acetyl CoA, 3. mitochondria, 4. oxidative phosphorylation
147
Q

Carbon Dioxide is a by product of the body getting rid of ____ by combining it with ______

A
  1. Acids, 2. Bicarbonate
148
Q

While it is reversible, _______ _______ is often an early manifestion in almost all types of cellular injury.

A

Cellular Swelling

149
Q

Certain Electrolytes/Molecules in ICF include _______ , ________ , and _________ which all contain negative charges

A
  1. Potassium, 2. Phosphorus, 3. Negatively charged proteins
150
Q

Mechanisms of cell injury related to decreased energy production include _____ , ______ , _____

A
  1. ATP depletion, 2. damage to the mitochondria, 3. protein folding defects
151
Q

Examples of Lysomal Storage disease include ________ and ______ or an excess storage of ______ and ________

A
  1. Mucopolysaccharidoses, 2. Mucolipidoses, 3. Carbohydrates, 4. Lipids
152
Q

During active transport, when a molecule moves against an area of higher concentration, a special type of transporter known as a _______ utilizes energy to allow diffusion of larger molecules into cells

A

pumps

153
Q

_________ or a chain of protein will eventually attract/repel each other and fold into a ________ which determines the function of the proteins in your body.

A
  1. Polypeptides, 2. Configuration
154
Q

A _______ is required to stimulate cells to proliferate (begin mitosis)

A

Mitogen

155
Q

Muscles cells are composed of _______

A

Myocytes

156
Q

The _____ _____ is a special name for the endoplasmic reticulum that allows for ____ exchange for muscle cell contraction.

A
  1. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum,. 2. Calcium
157
Q

Fraility can vary between males and females, three examples include:

A
  1. Men having higher baselines of muscle due to testosterone and growth hormones, 2. Women are more affected by poor activity and caloric intake, 3. Men are more susceptible to sepsis due to immune response to sex steroids
158
Q

Osmolality differs from Osmolarity where Osmolality is the measure of the ____________ while Osmolarity is the measure of _____________

A
  1. The number of milliosmoles per kg of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water. 2. The concentration of molecules per volume of solution
159
Q

_______ is an extremely important pigment due to its ability to protect the skin from sunlight as well as prevent skin cancer.

A

Melanin

160
Q

Ribosomes make _______

A

Proteins

161
Q

All Eukaryotic Cells contain an internal structure for movement within the cell known as the ________

A

cytoskeleton

162
Q

During Apoptosis, the protease that is responsible for carrying out the death program is _____

A

Caspase

163
Q

Prokaryotes contain _____ organelles as well as lacking a distinct _______

A

zero, nucleus

164
Q

The _______ _________ is a special kind of ECM that wraps around muscle, fat and Schwann cells as well as providing a base layer for epithelial cells

A

Basement Membrane

165
Q

Hyperplasia works by increasing production of _____ _____ to stimulate cells to increase division

A

Growth Factors

166
Q

Aerobic metabolism requires the ____ ____ ___ to utilize ____ or ____ to further breakdown molecules into ____ by transferring electrons from a high energy state to a lower one.

A
  1. Cytochrome Oxidase Chain ( electron transport chain), 2. NADH, 3. NADPH, 4. ATP
167
Q

Iron levels in the blood are determined by the metabolism of the transport protein ______

A

Transferrin

168
Q

Cytosol functions as a storage unit for _____, ______, and ___________

A

Fats, Carbohydrates and secretory vesicles

Advanced PathoPhysiology (10 decks)

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