Immunity and Mechanisms of Self Defense

Question 1

____ of _______ refers to a large family of proteins found on the surface of many cells and is involved with many functions of various immune cells.

Answer 1

Cluster of Differentiation

Question 2

_______ are the most common leukocytes in the body.

Answer 2

Granulocytes

Question 3

____ receptors are primarily found in ______ which allow these cells to recognize and consume bacterial pathogens as well as cells undergoing apoptosis such as _____ ____ cells

Answer 3

1. Scavenger, 2. Macrophages, 3. red blood

Question 4

_____ is a hormone that has been observed to be a large factor in many stress responses and can lead to the development of many systemic disorders. It is important to note that this hormone can affect ALL types of cells in the body

Answer 4

cortisol

Question 5

__-_ is an important interleukin used in the proliferation of B and T cell proliferation.

Answer 5

IL-7 (Interleukin)

Question 6

Without __-_, T helper cells are unable to full mature.

Answer 6

IL-2 (Interleukin)

Question 7

In some cases when bacteria bind to _ proteins and prevent inactivation, the _____ pathway opens and will cause additional factors ___ and ___ to activate.

Answer 7

1. C, 2. alternate, 3. B, 4. D

Question 8

_______ occurs when the immune system of one individual attacks the immune system of another, i.e. organ transplant reaction.

Answer 8

Alloimmunity

Question 9

_____ are products of fungi, bacteria and related microorganisms that can affect these cells via ______ or ______ methods

Answer 9

1. antibiotics, 2. bactericidal (destroys target cells), 3. bacteriostatic (Inhibits growth)

Question 10

Hypersensitivity reactions occur in four methods: _____, which is IgE mediated, ______ specific, _____-___ mediated, and ___ mediated

Answer 10

1. Immunoglobin, 2. Tissue specific, 3. immuno-complex mediated, 4. cell-mediated

Question 11

Intrnsic and Extrinsic pathways of the clotting cascade rely on _____ present on phospholipid membranes to activate the ___ sequence of clotting.

Answer 11

1. Calcium, 2. PT (Pro-thrombin)

Question 12

________ causes constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of postcapillary venules leading increased blood flow into the ____-______.

Answer 12

1. Histamine, 2. micro-circulation

Question 13

Blood types A,B and O contain antibodies known as ______

Answer 13

isohemagglutinins

Question 14

When specific naive lymphocytes are exposed to antigens, this phase is called ____ _______

Answer 14

clonal selection

Question 15

When inflammation occurs, the following symptoms arise (5):

Answer 15

1. redness, 2. heat, 3. edema, 4. pain, 5. loss of function

Question 16

___-_____ inhibitor is an enzyme that helps to control the three plasma protein systems and in some genetic cases can result in chronic ______ _______

Answer 16

1. C1-esterase, 2. vascular permeability

Question 17

Blocking _____ receptors with drugs can control some types of type 1 hypersensitive reactions.

Answer 17

Histamine

Question 18

Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the ____

Answer 18

Liver

Question 19

A _____ is a deformity caused by the shortening of ____ in scar tissue.

Answer 19

1. contracture, 2. collagen

Question 20

When discussing ____ immunity, or natural, the two primary factors involved include _____ _____ and an ________ response which activates if the first line of defense is broken.

Answer 20

1. innate, 2. natural barriers (physical, mechanical, biochemical) , 3. inflammatory

Question 21

Bacteria incorporate special surface structures such as ____ or ____ which allow for movement and adhesion to cell receptor surfaces.

Answer 21

1. Pili, 2. flagella

Question 22

When assessing types of primary immune deficiency, in _ cells, patients will often develop infections by viruses and fungi, while _ cell deficiencies can result from reoccurent infections from particular microorganisms or viruses that are normally affected by _____ immunity.

Answer 22

1. T, 2. B, 3. humoral

Question 23

______ are contained within the cell walls of gram ____ bacteria and is released during lysis of bacteria, this can also occur even during antibiotic treatment and therefore will not affect the toxin.

Answer 23

1. Endotoxins, 2. negative

Question 24

When an antigen is too small to cause an immune response, they are classified as ______. If binded to a larger molecule or a _____ however, it may become immunogenic.

Answer 24

1. haptens, 2. carrier

Question 25

______ ______ is an example of a bacteria that can provide immune response on the epithelial surface, however in the presence of it entering the body can also cause a life threatening infection.

Answer 25

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Question 26

_____ development relies on several factors in order to be successful: finding the correct antigen to induce an immune response, find the right route and and timing of doses, defining the correct type of immune response and the safest method to administer.

Answer 26

Vaccine

Question 27

The number of functional antigen binding sites that an antibody has is called its ______

Answer 27

valence

Question 28

The term ______ is utilized in stress research by stating that physiological systems are dynamic and change set points of homeostasis in response to stress.

Answer 28

allostasis

Question 29

Type __ reactions are mediated by T cells specifically and examples of this include exposure to certain plants and metals and are the cause of autoimmune disorders

Answer 29

IV

Question 30

The most important Cellular Adhesion Molecules include _____ and _____.

Answer 30

1. Selectins, 2. Integrins

Question 31

Bacteria are classified in many forms, examples include: ___, or most common, _______ (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis), _____ (Treponema pallidum = syphilis), ______ (Pneumonia), _____ (Rocky Mountain Fever), ______ (Many STDS).

Answer 31

1. True, 2. Filamentous, 3. Spirochetes, 4. Mycoplasma, 5. Rickettsia, 6. Chlamydia

Question 32

Bacteria that release endotoxins are also called _____ bacteria due to the effect of the body releasing inflammatory mediators.

Answer 32

1. pyrogenic

Question 33

Phagocytosis utilizes _____ based killing mechanisms by causing an increased intake of oxygen which produces _____ _____ ______ _____ or NADPH, and when oxidized leads to the creation of ____ _____.

Answer 33

1. oxygen, 2. NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), 3. hydrogen peroxide

Question 34

The _____ will allow the antigen to be recognized and binded, while the _____ is the receptor/binding site.

Answer 34

1. epitope, 2. paratope

Question 35

A popular treatment in managing SLE involves the administration of ____

Answer 35

IVIg (Intravenous immune globulin)

Question 36

Stress activates the _____ _____ system which in turn releases ________, these chemicals can cause fight or flight responses such as hyperglycemia.

Answer 36

1. Sympathetic Nervous, 2. catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

Question 37

The most important aspect of the complement protein system involves the production of _____ that are soluble and of low molecular weight that contribute to inflammation.

Answer 37

fragments

Question 38

_____ cells are used in the development of helper _ cell which conduct further production of active _ and _ cells.

Answer 38

1. dendritic, 2. T, 3. T, 4. B

Question 39

____ are released by the protein C3b and allow for _____ of specific cells to be targeted by leukocytes.

Answer 39

1. Opsonins, 2. tagging

Question 40

AB toxins interact with cell functions in a variety of ways including increased activation of ____ which leads to a suppression of immune function.

Answer 40

cAMP

Question 41

____ are eukaryotic microorganisms with rigid cell walls that come in a variety of forms such as ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 41

1. Fungi, 2. mold, 3. yeast, 4. dimoprhic.

Question 42

After initial exposure to allergens, a person will become _____ or more likely to be induced to a type __ reaction with less exposure to the allergen.

Answer 42

1. primed, 2. I

Question 43

An _______ refers to a particular immunoglobin while immunoglobins themselves is a generic group of _______

Answer 43

1. antibody, 2. antibodies

Question 44

Because immunoglobins are too large to transport across the fetal membrane, _____ are a layer of multinucleate cells that actively transport the immunoglobins.

Answer 44

syncytiotrophoblasts

Question 45

The ________ factor is the substance that complement proteins release to attract _____ to the site of inflammation.

Answer 45

1. chemotactic, 2. leukocytes

Question 46

_____ ______ is caused by excessive stress and can lead to factors including increased cortisol levels, elevated blood glucose, increased blood pressure and increased proinflammatory cytokines.

Answer 46

Sleep Deprivation

Question 47

A ______ immune response occurs when antibodies are present in a serum sample or a ____. A _____ immune response occurs when the same antigen reoccurs in the body, prompting a faster production of antibodies which is mediated by memory cells.

Answer 47

1. primary, 2. titer, 3. secondary

Question 48

Bacteria may release _____ in order to kill cells or invade targeted tissues. The three types include toxins that bind to cell surfaces and alter function (__), cause membrane damage (__), or enter the cell (__)

Answer 48

1. Exotoxins, 2. I, 3. II, 4, III

Question 49

The three main changes regarding acute inflammatory response are ____, _______ and increased ____ ______ synthesis.

Answer 49

1. fever, 2. leukocytosis, 3. plasma protein

Question 50

______ is the process in which immune cells can move from blood vessels into the site of inflammatory action

Answer 50

Diapedesis

Question 51

Wounds that normally heal completely and have minimal tissue loss are healed by ____ intention, while wounds that are deeper, take longer to heal and may form scar tissue heal by _____ intention

Answer 51

1. Primary, 2. Secondary

Question 52

Type I reactions typically affect ___ tract, _____ and ______ tract

Answer 52

1. GI tract, 2. Skin, 3. Respiratory tract

Question 53

____ cells are involved in allergic responses via the release of histamine.

Answer 53

Mast

Question 54

Cytokines in general are classified as ______ or ______ in regards to immune response mechanisms

Answer 54

1. interleukins, 2. interferons

Question 55

Immune cells are derived from _______ ___ cells which lead down two different paths, the _____ line creates lymphocytes, while the _______ line differentiates into various myelocytes such as RBC, WBC and platelets: the myeloid cells go on to be various white blood cells that are involved with innate immunity.

Answer 55

1. Pluripotential stem cells, 2. lymphoid, 3. myeloid

Question 56

Histamine is generally split into two different receptors. __ is known to cause proinflammatory effects while __ causes the opposite effect.

Answer 56

1. H1, 2. H2

Question 57

During lymphatic cell proliferation, the lymphoid organs, ___ ___ and the ______ interact with lymphoid stem cells during fetal development and derive into _-________ and _-_____ respectively.

Answer 57

1. bone marrow, 2. thymus, 3. B-Lymphocytes, 4 T-lympocytes

Question 58

Extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade is activated by ____ ____ in response to ____ damage.

Answer 58

1. Tissue factor. 2. tissue

Question 59

Of the immunoglobins, ___ is the first one produced during an initial immune response.

Answer 59

IgM

Question 60

_____ immunity is called the third line of defense in the immune response and is comprised of _____ and serum proteins called _____

Answer 60

1. Adaptive (acquired), 2. Lymphocytes, 3. antibodies

Question 61

_____ are important in wound repair as they secrete useful connective proteins such as collagen.

Answer 61

fibroblasts

Question 62

____-__ molecule _ is found in intestinal cells which protect against ______ infections, there are also various proteins and carbohydrates that function as immune responses which include _____/_____-___ protein (BPI) and ________ lectins respectively.

Answer 62

1. Resistin-like molecule B, 2. helminth, 3. Bactericidal/permeability-inducing protein (BPI), 4. Antimicrobial

Question 63

NSAIDS can delay wound healing and may contribute to the formation of scars due to the inhibition of ______ and suppress acute inflammation.

Answer 63

prostaglandins

Question 64

Organ systems also have their own forms of immune defenses. For example, the lungs secrete ____ which are able to react to carbohydrates and lipids on the surface of microorganisms, as well as _____-_____ lectin which recognizes sugar found on some surfaces of microbes and can activate protein based immune defenses.

Answer 64

1. collectins, 2. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

Question 65

In the event of macrophages being unable to limit tissue damage/infection due to the organism, a ____ is formed to wall off the site from further spread.

Answer 65

granuloma

Question 66

______ tolerance occurs when there is a deletion of _ cells, this in turn leads to ______ tolerance

Answer 66

1. Central, 2. B, 3. Immune

Question 67

_______ are unable to be digested and processed by APC. Instead this antigen induces a high amount of __-___ cell activation, resulting in symptoms such as SIRS and shock.

Answer 67

1. superantigens, 2. T-Helper

Question 68

______ are responsible for creating signals and binding to specific cells leading to regulation of immunity. They may be classified as ______ or _____ in this specific case.

Answer 68

1. Cytokines, 2. proinflammatory, 3. antiinflammatory

Question 69

In the _____ pathway, the C1 protein is activated and forms an _____-______ complex which allows the body to activate antibody sites and sequentially causes the protein to cascade into various ____

Answer 69

1. Classical, 2. antigen-antibody, 3. substrates

Question 70

The immune response is comprised of two types of immunities, ______ immunity involves _____ which utilize inflammatory mediators and defend against extracellular microbes, and ______ immunity which uses _ cells to stimulate cytokines and create other _ cells to attack microbes directly.

Answer 70

1. humoral, 2. antibodies, 3. cellular, 4. T, 5. T

Question 71

Fungi generally do not produce toxins, however in the case of ____ _____, a toxin called ______ is required for infection of the mucosal tissue.

Answer 71

1. Candida albicans, 2. candidalysin

Question 72

__-__ , released from neutrophils are known as _____ which act on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature and occurs after infectious exposure and phagocytosis.

Answer 72

1. IL-1 (Interlukin), 2 pyrogens

Question 73

Type III reactions can be divided into _____ and _____ reactions. An example of a _____ reaction is Raynaud Phenomenon which causes immune complexes to be deposited in capillary beds.

Answer 73

1. systemic, 2. cutaneous (Arthus), 3. systemic

Question 74

Stress will generally _____ the female reproductive system.

Answer 74

inhibit

Question 75

______ are proteins that protect against viral infections and conduct immune responses.

Answer 75

interferons

Question 76

Epithelial cells can also secrete proteins that are classified as _____ and _____ and can also be secreted by various inflammatory cells such as _____, ______ and ______ . In essence these proteins can initiate innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 76

1. Cathelicidins, 2. Defensin, 3. monocytes, 4. macrophages, 5. neutrophils.

Question 77

____ _____ allows pathogens to alter surface antigens that are normally targets of immune responses and occur by three methods: _____, ______ and ___ ______

Answer 77

1. antigenic variation, 2. mutation, 3. recombination, 4. gene switching

Question 78

The intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade is activated by ____ factor or the number __

Answer 78

1, Hageman Factor 2. XII

Question 79

A _-____ ____ or CRP test can identify a nonspecific cause of inflammation of any cause which can allow for determining certain issues such as recent MI or a recent febrile response.

Answer 79

CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

Question 80

When discussing the clotting cascade, the two main pathways include the ____ and ____ paths.

Answer 80

1. Intrinsic, 2. Extrinsic

Question 81

The primary role of neutrophils are removal of _____ and _______ of bacteria.

Answer 81

1.debris, 2. phagocytosis

Question 82

DNA is able to create any amount of antibodies and TCR (T-cell receptors) by the ____ in the DNA which encode parts of the _____ region of immunoglobins by a process called _____ _____. This generates receptors that can recognize and bind to any antigen.

Answer 82

1. loci, 2. variable, 3. somatic recombination

Question 83

Cells are able to recognize different molecular patterns or signs of damage to cells via _____ _____ _____ patterns or PAMP and _____ ______ ______ patterns or DAMP respectfully, or in general, _____ ______ receptors

Answer 83

1. PAMP (Pathogen associated molecular patterns), 2. damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP), 3. pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 84

Most intracellular parasites can only produce within ____ cells and are labeled as obligatory intracellular parasites.

Answer 84

host

Question 85

A _______ removes _____ from complement proteins C3a and C5a to limit ______ or the release of histamines and prevent destruction of the body’s own tissue.

Answer 85

1. carboxypeptidase, 2. arginine, 3. anaphylatoxins

Question 86

The essential nutrients for wound healing include ____, _____, and ___ ____

Answer 86

1. glucose, 2. oxygen, 3. amino acids

Question 87

The _____ pathway operates similar to the classical pathway except that it is ______ indepdent and is activated by _______-____ lectin and can bind to bacteria that contain the carbohydrate _______

Answer 87

1. Lectin, 2. antibody, 3. MBL (mannose-binding lectin) 3. mannose

Question 88

The main product from the clotting cascade is ____

Answer 88

fibrin

Question 89

The ____ system augments the inflammatory system and is activated by _____ which in turn leads to the production of ______

Answer 89

1. Kinin, 2. prekallikrein, 3. bradykinin

Question 90

Infections can be spread in a variety of manners, some forms of transmissions include: _____, _____ and _____ or from animals.

Answer 90

1. direct, 2. indirect, 3. zoonotic

Question 91

_______ are the body’s primary defense against parasites and help mediate vascular activity stimulated by ____ cells

Answer 91

1. eosinophils, 2. mast

Question 92

___ are members of a family of transmembrane proteins that protect cells from antibiotic activity by diminishing the rate of antibiotic accumulation.

Answer 92

MDR (Multi-drug resistance transporters)

Question 93

___ ____ cells compliemnt T cells where if an antigen is unable to be recognized by MHC, the ___ cell can still attack it.

Answer 93

Natural Killer

Question 94

The stages of infection occur in four steps, ______, ______, _____ and ______ or ____ if the infection has potential to return.

Answer 94

1. Incubation, 2. Prodromal, 3. Invasion, 4. Convalescence, 5. Latency

Question 95

The immune system responds to two types of antigens, _____ are usually carried by foreign microorganisms from outside the cell, while _____ are from within a cell , i.e. a virus invades a cell and uses its proteins to synthesize other virus cells.

Answer 95

1. exogenous, 2. endogenous

Question 96

The process by which T and B lymphocytes develop cell surface antigen receptors in known as _______ of ____ diversity

Answer 96

generation of clonal

Question 97

_____ is the primary catecholamine in stimulating cardiac and metabolic activty this also binds to alpha and beta receptors, conversely, ______ only binds to alpha receptors.

Answer 97

1. Epinephrine, 2. Norepinephrine

Question 98

_____ bind to carbohydrate ligands on glycoproteins including _____ cells, ______ and _____.

Answer 98

1. Selectins, 2. endothelial, 3. leukocytes, 4. platelets

Question 99

Some biochemical barriers utilize ______ _____ chemicals to trap and kill disease causing organisms. These factors also utilize ____ to attack cell walls of bacteria.

Answer 99

1. epithelial derived (sweat, saliva, tears, earwax), 2. lysosomes

Question 100

The three phases of wound healing are _____, _____ and _______

Answer 100

1. inflammation, 2. proliferation, 3. remodeling

Question 101

During wound healing, the favorable outcome of the site is _____, it is said the interleukin __-__ plays a strong role in this process. If this is not possible, then ____ the destroyed tissue takes place and forms ____ ____ which can lead to a loss of function depending on the site of activity.

Answer 101

1. regeneration, 2. IL-10 (Interleukin), 3. Repair, 4. Scar tissue

Question 102

_____ are the simplest of infective microorganisms consisting of just a nucleic acid and a protein shell or a ____ and are classified based on whether it is DNA/RNA, if it is single or double stranded and if it utilizes the reverse transcriptase enzyme for replication.

Answer 102

1. Viruses, 2. capsid

Question 103

_____ is responsible for blood vessel dilation during immune response which is complemented by ______ that causes nerve stimulation and muscle contraction to increase vascular permeability.

Answer 103

1. bradykinin, 2. prostaglandins

Question 104

Generally, a host’s immune response to infective fungi gradually ____ the destructive effects of surrounding host tissue.

Answer 104

increases

Question 105

The major antigen presenting cell is known as the ____ _____ complex which is divided into two classes, the first class will recognize ______ antigens while the second class prefers _____ antigens.

Answer 105

1. Major Histamine, 2. Endogenous, 3. Exogenous

Question 106

The complementary system is comprised of three types of pathways for activation:

Answer 106

1. Classical, 2. Alternate, 3. Lectin

Question 107

To prevent destruction of tissues via inflammation, ____ enzymes are secreted to break down _____

Answer 107

1. kiniase, 2. kinin

Question 108

____ are described as a molecule that can react with binding sites on antibodies or receptors on T/B cells. In comparison, an ________ will cause an immune response once it interacts and clarifying that ______ may not always illicit an immune response.

Answer 108

1. antigens, 2. immunogen, 3. antigen

Question 109

Graft-versus-host disease occurs when T cells destroy unmatched histocompatibility antigens on the graft recipient’s transplanted tissues/transfusion. One important method to avoid this is to transfuse ___ ____ with ____ to kill white blood cells prior to infusion.

Answer 109

1. Whole blood, 2. irradiation

Question 110

In summary, the complement protein system can be listed as four main functions:

Answer 110

1. Anaphylatoxic activity (histamine release via mast cell degranulation), 2. Opsoninzation, 3. leukocyte chemotaxis (Taxi), 4, cell lysis (cell destruction)

Question 111

_______ is a natural bacterium of the microbiome of the vagina and urinary tract

Answer 111

Lactobacillus

Question 112

Many pathogenic fungi are spread via _____ transmission.

Answer 112

airborne

Question 113

When assessing for graft rejection, the most important factor is to monitor for matching at the ___-__ locus from the Major Histocompatibility complex.

Answer 113

HLA-DR

Question 114

Adaptive immunity differs from innate/inflammatory response where adaptive immunity is ____, ____, ____ and has ____ of recurring infections.

Answer 114

1. inducible (must be produced), 2. specific (targets organism), 3. long living, 4. memory

Question 115

During primary immune response, B cells are able to change the class of immunoglobin to whatever is needed by a process called _____/____-____

Answer 115

isotype/class-switch

Question 116

The plasma protein system is comprised of three main aspects. The _____, _____ and _____ systems all have specific yet similar roles in immune response and while not needed they stay as an inactive form called ______

Answer 116

1. complimentary, 2. clotting, 3. kinin, 4. proenzymes

Question 117

______ cells , found in connective tissues, and _____ , found in the blood, are considered the most important cellular activator of inflammation and are activated by self ______ or _______.

Answer 117

1. mast, 2. basophils, 3. degranulation ( or release of contents), 4. synthesis.

Question 118

Leukocytes are categorized into three cell types:

Answer 118

1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eusinophils, basophils), 2. monocytes (macrophages), 3. lymphocytes (B, T and NK cells)

Question 119

Immunity is generally acquired by either ______ immunity which involves natural exposure or after immunization, and ______ immunity which is often obtained from one organism to another such as a mother passing their antibodies to the fetus.

Answer 119

1. Active, 2. passive

Question 120

The most common parasitic infection in the United States is _____ ____ which is capable of causing blindness and miscarriage, and _____ ____

Answer 120

1. Toxoplasma gondii, 1. Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 121

The only types of cells capable of complete regeneration are ____, _____ and ___ ____ cells.

Answer 121

1. epithelial, 2. hepatic, 3. bone marrow

Question 122

Endothelial cells increase blood flow to sites of inflammation by releasing ____ ____

Answer 122

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 123

_____ are messengers preduced by macrophages and lymphocytes due to stimulation from _______ _______ receptors and provide many features of immune response and regulation.

Answer 123

1. interleukins, 2. Pattern Recognition receptors (PRR)

Question 124

When discussing stress related illness, the three stages of stress adaption are _____ or _____, ____ of _______ and ________, these compensatory phases involve several systems including the CNS, ANS (Autonomic Nervous System), The Immune System and the HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary axis).

Answer 124

1. Fight or flight, 2. stage of resistance, 3. exhaustion

Question 125

Regardless of injury, in an ____ inflammatory response it will always be the same type of reaction.

Answer 125

acute

Question 126

_____ are multicellular masses that are composed of mixed microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, allowing for exchange of genetic information and trapping of hosts immune defenses and antibiotics and may be present on implanted medical devices without proper treatment.

Answer 126

Biofilms

Question 127

While the ______ factor primarily focused for the clotting cascade, it can also affect activation of the ____ and ____ cascades as well.

Answer 127

1. Hageman, 2. kinin, 3. complement.

Question 128

Histamine receptors are classified into three groups, __ being mostly found in the lungs and skin, __ being prevalent in the stomach and heart tissue and ___ helps to regulate the release of histamine.

Answer 128

1. H1, 2. H2, 3. H3

Question 129

___ is the prominent immunoglobin found in the secretory immune system.

Answer 129

IgA

Question 130

_-_____ cells assist other lymphocytes to mature including B cells and increasing capacity of phagocytes when dealing with more resistant microorganisms.

Answer 130

T Helper

Question 131

When inflammation and infection become associated, this form of immunity must become _____ or also know as _____ or ____ immunity.

Answer 131

1. Adaptive, 2. Acquired, 3. Specific

Question 132

______ ________ can occur when infection spread from mother to placenta.

Answer 132

Vertical Transmission

Question 133

____-_____ lectins are found to have activity against gram ______ bacteria.

Answer 133

1. Anti-microbial, 2. Gram-positive

Question 134

Because Type ___ reactions activate complementary proteins, repeated occurances can lead to _____ states during active diseases.

Answer 134

1. III, 2. hypocomplementic

Question 135

____ is the hallmark of any infectious disease.

Answer 135

fever

Question 136

______ reactions occur when an immune response attacks a self-antigen. This is defined as either the source or by the mechanism that causes disease for causation.

Answer 136

Hypersensitivity

Question 137

_______ are long chains of unsaturated fatty acids produced from arachidonic acid via the enzyme ____

Answer 137

1. prostaglandins, 2. COX (cyclooxygenase)

Question 138

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a serious autoimmune disorder due to its nature of targeting ___ ___ or ___, which can lead to deposits in the kidneys and cause development of inflammatory lesions in the _____ basement membrane.

Answer 138

1. Nucleic Acid, 2. DNA, 3. Glomerular

Question 139

When identifying bacteria via crystal violet dye, the two types of staining include ___ ______ and ____ _______, where the former does not show the dye and also contains a lipopolysaccharide coat which functions as an endotoxin.

Answer 139

1. gram negative, 2. gram positive

Question 140

_____ immune deficiency often results from genetic anomalies, while _____ deficiencies can occur from illness or normal physiologic changes such as aging.

Answer 140

1. Primary, 2. Secondary

Question 141

During acute inflammation, ____ adhere to intravascular walls thanks to ______ cells retracting and allowing them to enter as well as _____ mediators which signal for the activation of immune systems. the ____ _____ systems add complement systems such as clotting and inflammation.

Answer 141

1. leukocytes, 2. epithelial, 3. biochemical (histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins), 4. plasma protein system

Question 142

The five groups of immunoglobins are _,_,_,_,_ with _ being around 80-85% of the total amount in the body.

Answer 142

1. G, 2. M, 3. A, 4. D, 5. E, 6. G

Question 143

The ____ portion of an immunoglobin defines the molecules specificity to a certain antigen.

Answer 143

Fab