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Advanced PathoPhysiology > Immunity and Mechanisms of Self Defense > Flashcards

Immunity and Mechanisms of Self Defense Flashcards

1
Q

____ of _______ refers to a large family of proteins found on the surface of many cells and is involved with many functions of various immune cells.

A

Cluster of Differentiation

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2
Q

_______ are the most common leukocytes in the body.

A

Granulocytes

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3
Q

____ receptors are primarily found in ______ which allow these cells to recognize and consume bacterial pathogens as well as cells undergoing apoptosis such as _____ ____ cells

A
  1. Scavenger, 2. Macrophages, 3. red blood
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4
Q

_____ is a hormone that has been observed to be a large factor in many stress responses and can lead to the development of many systemic disorders. It is important to note that this hormone can affect ALL types of cells in the body

A

cortisol

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5
Q

__-_ is an important interleukin used in the proliferation of B and T cell proliferation.

A

IL-7 (Interleukin)

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6
Q

Without __-_, T helper cells are unable to full mature.

A

IL-2 (Interleukin)

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7
Q

In some cases when bacteria bind to _ proteins and prevent inactivation, the _____ pathway opens and will cause additional factors ___ and ___ to activate.

A
  1. C, 2. alternate, 3. B, 4. D
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8
Q

_______ occurs when the immune system of one individual attacks the immune system of another, i.e. organ transplant reaction.

A

Alloimmunity

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9
Q

_____ are products of fungi, bacteria and related microorganisms that can affect these cells via ______ or ______ methods

A
  1. antibiotics, 2. bactericidal (destroys target cells), 3. bacteriostatic (Inhibits growth)
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10
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions occur in four methods: _____, which is IgE mediated, ______ specific, _____-___ mediated, and ___ mediated

A
  1. Immunoglobin, 2. Tissue specific, 3. immuno-complex mediated, 4. cell-mediated
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11
Q

Intrnsic and Extrinsic pathways of the clotting cascade rely on _____ present on phospholipid membranes to activate the ___ sequence of clotting.

A
  1. Calcium, 2. PT (Pro-thrombin)
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12
Q

________ causes constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of postcapillary venules leading increased blood flow into the ____-______.

A
  1. Histamine, 2. micro-circulation
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13
Q

Blood types A,B and O contain antibodies known as ______

A

isohemagglutinins

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14
Q

When specific naive lymphocytes are exposed to antigens, this phase is called ____ _______

A

clonal selection

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15
Q

When inflammation occurs, the following symptoms arise (5):

A
  1. redness, 2. heat, 3. edema, 4. pain, 5. loss of function
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16
Q

___-_____ inhibitor is an enzyme that helps to control the three plasma protein systems and in some genetic cases can result in chronic ______ _______

A
  1. C1-esterase, 2. vascular permeability
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17
Q

Blocking _____ receptors with drugs can control some types of type 1 hypersensitive reactions.

A

Histamine

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18
Q

Most plasma proteins are synthesized by the ____

A

Liver

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19
Q

A _____ is a deformity caused by the shortening of ____ in scar tissue.

A
  1. contracture, 2. collagen
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20
Q

When discussing ____ immunity, or natural, the two primary factors involved include _____ _____ and an ________ response which activates if the first line of defense is broken.

A
  1. innate, 2. natural barriers (physical, mechanical, biochemical) , 3. inflammatory
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21
Q

Bacteria incorporate special surface structures such as ____ or ____ which allow for movement and adhesion to cell receptor surfaces.

A
  1. Pili, 2. flagella
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22
Q

When assessing types of primary immune deficiency, in _ cells, patients will often develop infections by viruses and fungi, while _ cell deficiencies can result from reoccurent infections from particular microorganisms or viruses that are normally affected by _____ immunity.

A
  1. T, 2. B, 3. humoral
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23
Q

______ are contained within the cell walls of gram ____ bacteria and is released during lysis of bacteria, this can also occur even during antibiotic treatment and therefore will not affect the toxin.

A
  1. Endotoxins, 2. negative
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24
Q

When an antigen is too small to cause an immune response, they are classified as ______. If binded to a larger molecule or a _____ however, it may become immunogenic.

A
  1. haptens, 2. carrier
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25
Q

______ ______ is an example of a bacteria that can provide immune response on the epithelial surface, however in the presence of it entering the body can also cause a life threatening infection.

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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26
Q

_____ development relies on several factors in order to be successful: finding the correct antigen to induce an immune response, find the right route and and timing of doses, defining the correct type of immune response and the safest method to administer.

A

Vaccine

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27
Q

The number of functional antigen binding sites that an antibody has is called its ______

A

valence

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28
Q

The term ______ is utilized in stress research by stating that physiological systems are dynamic and change set points of homeostasis in response to stress.

A

allostasis

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29
Q

Type __ reactions are mediated by T cells specifically and examples of this include exposure to certain plants and metals and are the cause of autoimmune disorders

A

IV

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30
Q

The most important Cellular Adhesion Molecules include _____ and _____.

A
  1. Selectins, 2. Integrins
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31
Q

Bacteria are classified in many forms, examples include: ___, or most common, _______ (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis), _____ (Treponema pallidum = syphilis), ______ (Pneumonia), _____ (Rocky Mountain Fever), ______ (Many STDS).

A
  1. True, 2. Filamentous, 3. Spirochetes, 4. Mycoplasma, 5. Rickettsia, 6. Chlamydia
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32
Q

Bacteria that release endotoxins are also called _____ bacteria due to the effect of the body releasing inflammatory mediators.

A
  1. pyrogenic
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33
Q

Phagocytosis utilizes _____ based killing mechanisms by causing an increased intake of oxygen which produces _____ _____ ______ _____ or NADPH, and when oxidized leads to the creation of ____ _____.

A
  1. oxygen, 2. NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), 3. hydrogen peroxide
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34
Q

The _____ will allow the antigen to be recognized and binded, while the _____ is the receptor/binding site.

A
  1. epitope, 2. paratope
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35
Q

A popular treatment in managing SLE involves the administration of ____

A

IVIg (Intravenous immune globulin)

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36
Q

Stress activates the _____ _____ system which in turn releases ________, these chemicals can cause fight or flight responses such as hyperglycemia.

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous, 2. catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
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37
Q

The most important aspect of the complement protein system involves the production of _____ that are soluble and of low molecular weight that contribute to inflammation.

A

fragments

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38
Q

_____ cells are used in the development of helper _ cell which conduct further production of active _ and _ cells.

A
  1. dendritic, 2. T, 3. T, 4. B
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39
Q

____ are released by the protein C3b and allow for _____ of specific cells to be targeted by leukocytes.

A
  1. Opsonins, 2. tagging
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40
Q

AB toxins interact with cell functions in a variety of ways including increased activation of ____ which leads to a suppression of immune function.

A

cAMP

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41
Q

____ are eukaryotic microorganisms with rigid cell walls that come in a variety of forms such as ____, ____ and ____.

A
  1. Fungi, 2. mold, 3. yeast, 4. dimoprhic.
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42
Q

After initial exposure to allergens, a person will become _____ or more likely to be induced to a type __ reaction with less exposure to the allergen.

A
  1. primed, 2. I
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43
Q

An _______ refers to a particular immunoglobin while immunoglobins themselves is a generic group of _______

A
  1. antibody, 2. antibodies
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44
Q

Because immunoglobins are too large to transport across the fetal membrane, _____ are a layer of multinucleate cells that actively transport the immunoglobins.

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

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45
Q

The ________ factor is the substance that complement proteins release to attract _____ to the site of inflammation.

A
  1. chemotactic, 2. leukocytes
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46
Q

_____ ______ is caused by excessive stress and can lead to factors including increased cortisol levels, elevated blood glucose, increased blood pressure and increased proinflammatory cytokines.

A

Sleep Deprivation

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47
Q

A ______ immune response occurs when antibodies are present in a serum sample or a ____. A _____ immune response occurs when the same antigen reoccurs in the body, prompting a faster production of antibodies which is mediated by memory cells.

A
  1. primary, 2. titer, 3. secondary
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48
Q

Bacteria may release _____ in order to kill cells or invade targeted tissues. The three types include toxins that bind to cell surfaces and alter function (__), cause membrane damage (__), or enter the cell (__)

A
  1. Exotoxins, 2. I, 3. II, 4, III
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49
Q

The three main changes regarding acute inflammatory response are ____, _______ and increased ____ ______ synthesis.

A
  1. fever, 2. leukocytosis, 3. plasma protein
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50
Q

______ is the process in which immune cells can move from blood vessels into the site of inflammatory action

A

Diapedesis

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51
Q

Wounds that normally heal completely and have minimal tissue loss are healed by ____ intention, while wounds that are deeper, take longer to heal and may form scar tissue heal by _____ intention

A
  1. Primary, 2. Secondary
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52
Q

Type I reactions typically affect ___ tract, _____ and ______ tract

A
  1. GI tract, 2. Skin, 3. Respiratory tract
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53
Q

____ cells are involved in allergic responses via the release of histamine.

A

Mast

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54
Q

Cytokines in general are classified as ______ or ______ in regards to immune response mechanisms

A
  1. interleukins, 2. interferons
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55
Q

Immune cells are derived from _______ ___ cells which lead down two different paths, the _____ line creates lymphocytes, while the _______ line differentiates into various myelocytes such as RBC, WBC and platelets: the myeloid cells go on to be various white blood cells that are involved with innate immunity.

A
  1. Pluripotential stem cells, 2. lymphoid, 3. myeloid
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56
Q

Histamine is generally split into two different receptors. __ is known to cause proinflammatory effects while __ causes the opposite effect.

A
  1. H1, 2. H2
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57
Q

During lymphatic cell proliferation, the lymphoid organs, ___ ___ and the ______ interact with lymphoid stem cells during fetal development and derive into _-________ and _-_____ respectively.

A
  1. bone marrow, 2. thymus, 3. B-Lymphocytes, 4 T-lympocytes
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58
Q

Extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade is activated by ____ ____ in response to ____ damage.

A
  1. Tissue factor. 2. tissue
59
Q

Of the immunoglobins, ___ is the first one produced during an initial immune response.

A

IgM

60
Q

_____ immunity is called the third line of defense in the immune response and is comprised of _____ and serum proteins called _____

A
  1. Adaptive (acquired), 2. Lymphocytes, 3. antibodies
61
Q

_____ are important in wound repair as they secrete useful connective proteins such as collagen.

A

fibroblasts

62
Q

____-__ molecule _ is found in intestinal cells which protect against ______ infections, there are also various proteins and carbohydrates that function as immune responses which include _____/_____-___ protein (BPI) and ________ lectins respectively.

A
  1. Resistin-like molecule B, 2. helminth, 3. Bactericidal/permeability-inducing protein (BPI), 4. Antimicrobial
63
Q

NSAIDS can delay wound healing and may contribute to the formation of scars due to the inhibition of ______ and suppress acute inflammation.

A

prostaglandins

64
Q

Organ systems also have their own forms of immune defenses. For example, the lungs secrete ____ which are able to react to carbohydrates and lipids on the surface of microorganisms, as well as _____-_____ lectin which recognizes sugar found on some surfaces of microbes and can activate protein based immune defenses.

A
  1. collectins, 2. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
65
Q

In the event of macrophages being unable to limit tissue damage/infection due to the organism, a ____ is formed to wall off the site from further spread.

A

granuloma

66
Q

______ tolerance occurs when there is a deletion of _ cells, this in turn leads to ______ tolerance

A
  1. Central, 2. B, 3. Immune
67
Q

_______ are unable to be digested and processed by APC. Instead this antigen induces a high amount of __-___ cell activation, resulting in symptoms such as SIRS and shock.

A
  1. superantigens, 2. T-Helper
68
Q

______ are responsible for creating signals and binding to specific cells leading to regulation of immunity. They may be classified as ______ or _____ in this specific case.

A
  1. Cytokines, 2. proinflammatory, 3. antiinflammatory
69
Q

In the _____ pathway, the C1 protein is activated and forms an _____-______ complex which allows the body to activate antibody sites and sequentially causes the protein to cascade into various ____

A
  1. Classical, 2. antigen-antibody, 3. substrates
70
Q

The immune response is comprised of two types of immunities, ______ immunity involves _____ which utilize inflammatory mediators and defend against extracellular microbes, and ______ immunity which uses _ cells to stimulate cytokines and create other _ cells to attack microbes directly.

A
  1. humoral, 2. antibodies, 3. cellular, 4. T, 5. T
71
Q

Fungi generally do not produce toxins, however in the case of ____ _____, a toxin called ______ is required for infection of the mucosal tissue.

A
  1. Candida albicans, 2. candidalysin
72
Q

__-__ , released from neutrophils are known as _____ which act on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature and occurs after infectious exposure and phagocytosis.

A
  1. IL-1 (Interlukin), 2 pyrogens
73
Q

Type III reactions can be divided into _____ and _____ reactions. An example of a _____ reaction is Raynaud Phenomenon which causes immune complexes to be deposited in capillary beds.

A
  1. systemic, 2. cutaneous (Arthus), 3. systemic
74
Q

Stress will generally _____ the female reproductive system.

A

inhibit

75
Q

______ are proteins that protect against viral infections and conduct immune responses.

A

interferons

76
Q

Epithelial cells can also secrete proteins that are classified as _____ and _____ and can also be secreted by various inflammatory cells such as _____, ______ and ______ . In essence these proteins can initiate innate and adaptive immunity.

A
  1. Cathelicidins, 2. Defensin, 3. monocytes, 4. macrophages, 5. neutrophils.
77
Q

____ _____ allows pathogens to alter surface antigens that are normally targets of immune responses and occur by three methods: _____, ______ and ___ ______

A
  1. antigenic variation, 2. mutation, 3. recombination, 4. gene switching
78
Q

The intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade is activated by ____ factor or the number __

A

1, Hageman Factor 2. XII

79
Q

A _-____ ____ or CRP test can identify a nonspecific cause of inflammation of any cause which can allow for determining certain issues such as recent MI or a recent febrile response.

A

CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

80
Q

When discussing the clotting cascade, the two main pathways include the ____ and ____ paths.

A
  1. Intrinsic, 2. Extrinsic
81
Q

The primary role of neutrophils are removal of _____ and _______ of bacteria.

A

1.debris, 2. phagocytosis

82
Q

DNA is able to create any amount of antibodies and TCR (T-cell receptors) by the ____ in the DNA which encode parts of the _____ region of immunoglobins by a process called _____ _____. This generates receptors that can recognize and bind to any antigen.

A
  1. loci, 2. variable, 3. somatic recombination
83
Q

Cells are able to recognize different molecular patterns or signs of damage to cells via _____ _____ _____ patterns or PAMP and _____ ______ ______ patterns or DAMP respectfully, or in general, _____ ______ receptors

A
  1. PAMP (Pathogen associated molecular patterns), 2. damage associated molecular patterns (DAMP), 3. pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
84
Q

Most intracellular parasites can only produce within ____ cells and are labeled as obligatory intracellular parasites.

A

host

85
Q

A _______ removes _____ from complement proteins C3a and C5a to limit ______ or the release of histamines and prevent destruction of the body’s own tissue.

A
  1. carboxypeptidase, 2. arginine, 3. anaphylatoxins
86
Q

The essential nutrients for wound healing include ____, _____, and ___ ____

A
  1. glucose, 2. oxygen, 3. amino acids
87
Q

The _____ pathway operates similar to the classical pathway except that it is ______ indepdent and is activated by _______-____ lectin and can bind to bacteria that contain the carbohydrate _______

A
  1. Lectin, 2. antibody, 3. MBL (mannose-binding lectin) 3. mannose
88
Q

The main product from the clotting cascade is ____

A

fibrin

89
Q

The ____ system augments the inflammatory system and is activated by _____ which in turn leads to the production of ______

A
  1. Kinin, 2. prekallikrein, 3. bradykinin
90
Q

Infections can be spread in a variety of manners, some forms of transmissions include: _____, _____ and _____ or from animals.

A
  1. direct, 2. indirect, 3. zoonotic
91
Q

_______ are the body’s primary defense against parasites and help mediate vascular activity stimulated by ____ cells

A
  1. eosinophils, 2. mast
92
Q

___ are members of a family of transmembrane proteins that protect cells from antibiotic activity by diminishing the rate of antibiotic accumulation.

A

MDR (Multi-drug resistance transporters)

93
Q

___ ____ cells compliemnt T cells where if an antigen is unable to be recognized by MHC, the ___ cell can still attack it.

A

Natural Killer

94
Q

The stages of infection occur in four steps, ______, ______, _____ and ______ or ____ if the infection has potential to return.

A
  1. Incubation, 2. Prodromal, 3. Invasion, 4. Convalescence, 5. Latency
95
Q

The immune system responds to two types of antigens, _____ are usually carried by foreign microorganisms from outside the cell, while _____ are from within a cell , i.e. a virus invades a cell and uses its proteins to synthesize other virus cells.

A
  1. exogenous, 2. endogenous
96
Q

The process by which T and B lymphocytes develop cell surface antigen receptors in known as _______ of ____ diversity

A

generation of clonal

97
Q

_____ is the primary catecholamine in stimulating cardiac and metabolic activty this also binds to alpha and beta receptors, conversely, ______ only binds to alpha receptors.

A
  1. Epinephrine, 2. Norepinephrine
98
Q

_____ bind to carbohydrate ligands on glycoproteins including _____ cells, ______ and _____.

A
  1. Selectins, 2. endothelial, 3. leukocytes, 4. platelets
99
Q

Some biochemical barriers utilize ______ _____ chemicals to trap and kill disease causing organisms. These factors also utilize ____ to attack cell walls of bacteria.

A
  1. epithelial derived (sweat, saliva, tears, earwax), 2. lysosomes
100
Q

The three phases of wound healing are _____, _____ and _______

A
  1. inflammation, 2. proliferation, 3. remodeling
101
Q

During wound healing, the favorable outcome of the site is _____, it is said the interleukin __-__ plays a strong role in this process. If this is not possible, then ____ the destroyed tissue takes place and forms ____ ____ which can lead to a loss of function depending on the site of activity.

A
  1. regeneration, 2. IL-10 (Interleukin), 3. Repair, 4. Scar tissue
102
Q

_____ are the simplest of infective microorganisms consisting of just a nucleic acid and a protein shell or a ____ and are classified based on whether it is DNA/RNA, if it is single or double stranded and if it utilizes the reverse transcriptase enzyme for replication.

A
  1. Viruses, 2. capsid
103
Q

_____ is responsible for blood vessel dilation during immune response which is complemented by ______ that causes nerve stimulation and muscle contraction to increase vascular permeability.

A
  1. bradykinin, 2. prostaglandins
104
Q

Generally, a host’s immune response to infective fungi gradually ____ the destructive effects of surrounding host tissue.

A

increases

105
Q

The major antigen presenting cell is known as the ____ _____ complex which is divided into two classes, the first class will recognize ______ antigens while the second class prefers _____ antigens.

A
  1. Major Histamine, 2. Endogenous, 3. Exogenous
106
Q

The complementary system is comprised of three types of pathways for activation:

A
  1. Classical, 2. Alternate, 3. Lectin
107
Q

To prevent destruction of tissues via inflammation, ____ enzymes are secreted to break down _____

A
  1. kiniase, 2. kinin
108
Q

____ are described as a molecule that can react with binding sites on antibodies or receptors on T/B cells. In comparison, an ________ will cause an immune response once it interacts and clarifying that ______ may not always illicit an immune response.

A
  1. antigens, 2. immunogen, 3. antigen
109
Q

Graft-versus-host disease occurs when T cells destroy unmatched histocompatibility antigens on the graft recipient’s transplanted tissues/transfusion. One important method to avoid this is to transfuse ___ ____ with ____ to kill white blood cells prior to infusion.

A
  1. Whole blood, 2. irradiation
110
Q

In summary, the complement protein system can be listed as four main functions:

A
  1. Anaphylatoxic activity (histamine release via mast cell degranulation), 2. Opsoninzation, 3. leukocyte chemotaxis (Taxi), 4, cell lysis (cell destruction)
111
Q

_______ is a natural bacterium of the microbiome of the vagina and urinary tract

A

Lactobacillus

112
Q

Many pathogenic fungi are spread via _____ transmission.

A

airborne

113
Q

When assessing for graft rejection, the most important factor is to monitor for matching at the ___-__ locus from the Major Histocompatibility complex.

A

HLA-DR

114
Q

Adaptive immunity differs from innate/inflammatory response where adaptive immunity is ____, ____, ____ and has ____ of recurring infections.

A
  1. inducible (must be produced), 2. specific (targets organism), 3. long living, 4. memory
115
Q

During primary immune response, B cells are able to change the class of immunoglobin to whatever is needed by a process called _____/____-____

A

isotype/class-switch

116
Q

The plasma protein system is comprised of three main aspects. The _____, _____ and _____ systems all have specific yet similar roles in immune response and while not needed they stay as an inactive form called ______

A
  1. complimentary, 2. clotting, 3. kinin, 4. proenzymes
117
Q

______ cells , found in connective tissues, and _____ , found in the blood, are considered the most important cellular activator of inflammation and are activated by self ______ or _______.

A
  1. mast, 2. basophils, 3. degranulation ( or release of contents), 4. synthesis.
118
Q

Leukocytes are categorized into three cell types:

A
  1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eusinophils, basophils), 2. monocytes (macrophages), 3. lymphocytes (B, T and NK cells)
119
Q

Immunity is generally acquired by either ______ immunity which involves natural exposure or after immunization, and ______ immunity which is often obtained from one organism to another such as a mother passing their antibodies to the fetus.

A
  1. Active, 2. passive
120
Q

The most common parasitic infection in the United States is _____ ____ which is capable of causing blindness and miscarriage, and _____ ____

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii, 1. Trichomonas vaginalis
121
Q

The only types of cells capable of complete regeneration are ____, _____ and ___ ____ cells.

A
  1. epithelial, 2. hepatic, 3. bone marrow
122
Q

Endothelial cells increase blood flow to sites of inflammation by releasing ____ ____

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

123
Q

_____ are messengers preduced by macrophages and lymphocytes due to stimulation from _______ _______ receptors and provide many features of immune response and regulation.

A
  1. interleukins, 2. Pattern Recognition receptors (PRR)
124
Q

When discussing stress related illness, the three stages of stress adaption are _____ or _____, ____ of _______ and ________, these compensatory phases involve several systems including the CNS, ANS (Autonomic Nervous System), The Immune System and the HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary axis).

A
  1. Fight or flight, 2. stage of resistance, 3. exhaustion
125
Q

Regardless of injury, in an ____ inflammatory response it will always be the same type of reaction.

A

acute

126
Q

_____ are multicellular masses that are composed of mixed microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, allowing for exchange of genetic information and trapping of hosts immune defenses and antibiotics and may be present on implanted medical devices without proper treatment.

A

Biofilms

127
Q

While the ______ factor primarily focused for the clotting cascade, it can also affect activation of the ____ and ____ cascades as well.

A
  1. Hageman, 2. kinin, 3. complement.
128
Q

Histamine receptors are classified into three groups, __ being mostly found in the lungs and skin, __ being prevalent in the stomach and heart tissue and ___ helps to regulate the release of histamine.

A
  1. H1, 2. H2, 3. H3
129
Q

___ is the prominent immunoglobin found in the secretory immune system.

A

IgA

130
Q

_-_____ cells assist other lymphocytes to mature including B cells and increasing capacity of phagocytes when dealing with more resistant microorganisms.

A

T Helper

131
Q

When inflammation and infection become associated, this form of immunity must become _____ or also know as _____ or ____ immunity.

A
  1. Adaptive, 2. Acquired, 3. Specific
132
Q

______ ________ can occur when infection spread from mother to placenta.

A

Vertical Transmission

133
Q

____-_____ lectins are found to have activity against gram ______ bacteria.

A
  1. Anti-microbial, 2. Gram-positive
134
Q

Because Type ___ reactions activate complementary proteins, repeated occurances can lead to _____ states during active diseases.

A
  1. III, 2. hypocomplementic
135
Q

____ is the hallmark of any infectious disease.

A

fever

136
Q

______ reactions occur when an immune response attacks a self-antigen. This is defined as either the source or by the mechanism that causes disease for causation.

A

Hypersensitivity

137
Q

_______ are long chains of unsaturated fatty acids produced from arachidonic acid via the enzyme ____

A
  1. prostaglandins, 2. COX (cyclooxygenase)
138
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a serious autoimmune disorder due to its nature of targeting ___ ___ or ___, which can lead to deposits in the kidneys and cause development of inflammatory lesions in the _____ basement membrane.

A
  1. Nucleic Acid, 2. DNA, 3. Glomerular
139
Q

When identifying bacteria via crystal violet dye, the two types of staining include ___ ______ and ____ _______, where the former does not show the dye and also contains a lipopolysaccharide coat which functions as an endotoxin.

A
  1. gram negative, 2. gram positive
140
Q

_____ immune deficiency often results from genetic anomalies, while _____ deficiencies can occur from illness or normal physiologic changes such as aging.

A
  1. Primary, 2. Secondary
141
Q

During acute inflammation, ____ adhere to intravascular walls thanks to ______ cells retracting and allowing them to enter as well as _____ mediators which signal for the activation of immune systems. the ____ _____ systems add complement systems such as clotting and inflammation.

A
  1. leukocytes, 2. epithelial, 3. biochemical (histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins), 4. plasma protein system
142
Q

The five groups of immunoglobins are _,_,_,_,_ with _ being around 80-85% of the total amount in the body.

A
  1. G, 2. M, 3. A, 4. D, 5. E, 6. G
143
Q

The ____ portion of an immunoglobin defines the molecules specificity to a certain antigen.

A

Fab

Advanced PathoPhysiology (10 decks)

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