Cellular Oncology Flashcards
Most cells may only divide a certain amount of times in their lifespan or the ____ ____, while cancer cells appear to have no signs of limited lifespan or are ______
- Hayflick limit. 2. immortal
While there are ___-_____ antigens and thus can be targeted by __ cells, there are theories explaining that cancer cells avoid immune responses via _________ hypothesis or _______
- Tumor-associated, 2. Tc, 3. surveillance, 4. immunotherapy
Defining features of cancer involve ______ or loss of cell differentiation and are ______ with varying sizes and shapes of cells.
- anaplasia, 2. pleomorphic
____-_______ genes normally regulate the cell cycle and stop cell division when there is damage and prevent mutations in proliferation. In order for oncogenes to persist against this, both copies of the gene from the _____ and ______ must be inactivated.
- Tumor-suppressing, 2. mother, 3. father
______ refers to the ability of genes to organize physiologically or structurally in response to environmental conditions during fetal development
plasticity
Once a diagnosis has been made regarding cancer, it is then staged according to it’s current activity from stages __ to __ where as it progress each stage indicates more activity from the site of origin all the way to spreading to other distant organs.
- 1, 2. 4
One aspect of cancer that makes promoting health difficult is decreased ______
appetite
Translocation is another method of causing increased cancer growth by causing an excess of a ______ factor. An example of this is in Burkitt lymphoma where the ___ gene is moved from chromosome 8, which normally express the gene at a low level, to chromosome 14, which produces IgG and is very active, contributing to an excessive production of B lympocytes.
- proliferative, 2. MYC
______-_-______ are enzymes involved with metabolism of environmental carcinogens and ROS
Glutathione-S-transferases
Most cancer cells benefit from neighboring growth factors from other cells. In some cases, cancer cells also develop a method of self growth known as ______ _______
autocrine stimulation
The ______ ____ is defined as the use of glycolysis to produce energy despite the presence of oxygen and is normally how cancer cells produce their energy.
Warburg effect
The ___ gene is an important factor in preventing cancer growth by monitoring intracellular growth and activating ___-_____ genes, these genes can encode proteins that repair DNA and stop cell division during periods of stress.
- P53, 2. care-taker
____ ____ ____-__ is a transcription factor that under hypoxic conditions will induce pro-angiogenic factors including ______ _____ ___ factor. When tumor suppressor genes are mutated, this can lead to increased expression of these factors and thus promote cancer growth
- Hypoxia inducible factor-1a, 2. Vascular endothelial growth
_______ __ _____ refers to preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular/squamous cell origin.
Carcinoma in situ
Without an adequate ____ ____, cancer cells are unable to grow as large as a millimeter in diameter.
blood supply
Tumors are capable of initiating _______ responses in order to facilitate the process of _____ _______
- inflammatory, 2. wound healing
The ____ gene is prominent in a third of all cancer cells when mutated causing uncontrolled cell growth signals.
RAS
____ are key cells in cancer growth that inhibit inflammatory mediators and induce ______ ______
- TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), 2. cellular proliferation
Changes in intracellular signaling are regulated by ______ (___) or a non-coding RNA, these can be mutated to facilitate cancer growth and thus become _____
- microRNA (miRs), 2. oncomirs
Skin cancer is categorized in three forms, _____ is derived from _____ or pigment cells, _____ __ carcinoma is formed in the lower part of the epidermis and ______ ___ carcinoma is formed on the surface of the skin.
- melanoma, 2. melanocytes, 3. basal cell, 4. squamous cell
Cancer has been studied to show that it includes many ____ components and that watching for certain _____ mutations may indicate that it is developing, while _____ mutations may not necessarily contribute to malignant growth.
- genetic, 2. driver, 3. passive
_____ are adipose derived proteins that can increase inflammatory factors and lead to lower levels of adiponectin which is used in _____ giving rise to potential cancer cell proliferation.
- adipokines, 2. adiponectin
In children and adolescents, most cancer arises from ___-____ ____ layer of tissue which gives rise to certain connective,bone,muscle,kidney and lymphatic tissue.
mesodermal germ
When discussing cancer, it is important to differentiate between _____ and _____ tumors where the former retains normal tissue structure and does not invade other tissue, while the latter can invade and divide cells without control.
- benign, 2. malignant
_____-______ transition is a process that through factors such as diminished cell to cell adhesion and digestion of surrounding extracellular cell matrix gives cancer cells the ability to _____ or to spread to other tissues in the body.
- Epithelial-mesenchymal, 2. metasizes
_______ or foreign products include toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals often found in the human diet.
xenobiotics
As tumors grow, they induce _______ mediators and cells associated with tissue repair which form the _____ or the micro environment of the tumor. In some cases this environment can make up to 90% of the tumor mass
- proinflammatory, 2. stroma
_____-_______ are what encode components of receptor-mediated pathways which regulate normal cellular proliferation, when there is a mutation or overexpressed version this is referred to as an ________
- proto-oncogenes, 2. oncogenes
Three factors associated with obesity and cancer development include: ____ ____ _____ factor, ______ hormones and ______/_____ ____ cytokines
- insulin like growth , 2. sex, 3. adipokines/adipocyte derived
