Cellular Oncology

Question 1

Most cells may only divide a certain amount of times in their lifespan or the ____ ____, while cancer cells appear to have no signs of limited lifespan or are ______

Answer 1

1. Hayflick limit. 2. immortal

Question 2

While there are ___-_____ antigens and thus can be targeted by __ cells, there are theories explaining that cancer cells avoid immune responses via _________ hypothesis or _______

Answer 2

1. Tumor-associated, 2. Tc, 3. surveillance, 4. immunotherapy

Question 3

Defining features of cancer involve ______ or loss of cell differentiation and are ______ with varying sizes and shapes of cells.

Answer 3

1. anaplasia, 2. pleomorphic

Question 4

____-_______ genes normally regulate the cell cycle and stop cell division when there is damage and prevent mutations in proliferation. In order for oncogenes to persist against this, both copies of the gene from the _____ and ______ must be inactivated.

Answer 4

1. Tumor-suppressing, 2. mother, 3. father

Question 5

______ refers to the ability of genes to organize physiologically or structurally in response to environmental conditions during fetal development

Answer 5

plasticity

Question 6

Once a diagnosis has been made regarding cancer, it is then staged according to it’s current activity from stages __ to __ where as it progress each stage indicates more activity from the site of origin all the way to spreading to other distant organs.

Answer 6

1. 1, 2. 4

Question 7

One aspect of cancer that makes promoting health difficult is decreased ______

Answer 7

appetite

Question 8

Translocation is another method of causing increased cancer growth by causing an excess of a ______ factor. An example of this is in Burkitt lymphoma where the ___ gene is moved from chromosome 8, which normally express the gene at a low level, to chromosome 14, which produces IgG and is very active, contributing to an excessive production of B lympocytes.

Answer 8

1. proliferative, 2. MYC

Question 9

______-_-______ are enzymes involved with metabolism of environmental carcinogens and ROS

Answer 9

Glutathione-S-transferases

Question 10

Most cancer cells benefit from neighboring growth factors from other cells. In some cases, cancer cells also develop a method of self growth known as ______ _______

Answer 10

autocrine stimulation

Question 11

The ______ ____ is defined as the use of glycolysis to produce energy despite the presence of oxygen and is normally how cancer cells produce their energy.

Answer 11

Warburg effect

Question 12

The ___ gene is an important factor in preventing cancer growth by monitoring intracellular growth and activating ___-_____ genes, these genes can encode proteins that repair DNA and stop cell division during periods of stress.

Answer 12

1. P53, 2. care-taker

Question 13

____ ____ ____-__ is a transcription factor that under hypoxic conditions will induce pro-angiogenic factors including ______ _____ ___ factor. When tumor suppressor genes are mutated, this can lead to increased expression of these factors and thus promote cancer growth

Answer 13

1. Hypoxia inducible factor-1a, 2. Vascular endothelial growth

Question 14

_______ __ _____ refers to preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular/squamous cell origin.

Answer 14

Carcinoma in situ

Question 15

Without an adequate ____ ____, cancer cells are unable to grow as large as a millimeter in diameter.

Answer 15

blood supply

Question 16

Tumors are capable of initiating _______ responses in order to facilitate the process of _____ _______

Answer 16

1. inflammatory, 2. wound healing

Question 17

The ____ gene is prominent in a third of all cancer cells when mutated causing uncontrolled cell growth signals.

Answer 17

RAS

Question 18

____ are key cells in cancer growth that inhibit inflammatory mediators and induce ______ ______

Answer 18

1. TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), 2. cellular proliferation

Question 19

Changes in intracellular signaling are regulated by ______ (___) or a non-coding RNA, these can be mutated to facilitate cancer growth and thus become _____

Answer 19

1. microRNA (miRs), 2. oncomirs

Question 20

Skin cancer is categorized in three forms, _____ is derived from _____ or pigment cells, _____ __ carcinoma is formed in the lower part of the epidermis and ______ ___ carcinoma is formed on the surface of the skin.

Answer 20

1. melanoma, 2. melanocytes, 3. basal cell, 4. squamous cell

Question 21

Cancer has been studied to show that it includes many ____ components and that watching for certain _____ mutations may indicate that it is developing, while _____ mutations may not necessarily contribute to malignant growth.

Answer 21

1. genetic, 2. driver, 3. passive

Question 22

_____ are adipose derived proteins that can increase inflammatory factors and lead to lower levels of adiponectin which is used in _____ giving rise to potential cancer cell proliferation.

Answer 22

1. adipokines, 2. adiponectin

Question 23

In children and adolescents, most cancer arises from ___-____ ____ layer of tissue which gives rise to certain connective,bone,muscle,kidney and lymphatic tissue.

Answer 23

mesodermal germ

Question 24

When discussing cancer, it is important to differentiate between _____ and _____ tumors where the former retains normal tissue structure and does not invade other tissue, while the latter can invade and divide cells without control.

Answer 24

1. benign, 2. malignant

Question 25

_____-______ transition is a process that through factors such as diminished cell to cell adhesion and digestion of surrounding extracellular cell matrix gives cancer cells the ability to _____ or to spread to other tissues in the body.

Answer 25

1. Epithelial-mesenchymal, 2. metasizes

Question 26

_______ or foreign products include toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals often found in the human diet.

Answer 26

xenobiotics

Question 27

As tumors grow, they induce _______ mediators and cells associated with tissue repair which form the _____ or the micro environment of the tumor. In some cases this environment can make up to 90% of the tumor mass

Answer 27

1. proinflammatory, 2. stroma

Question 28

_____-_______ are what encode components of receptor-mediated pathways which regulate normal cellular proliferation, when there is a mutation or overexpressed version this is referred to as an ________

Answer 28

1. proto-oncogenes, 2. oncogenes

Question 29

Three factors associated with obesity and cancer development include: ____ ____ _____ factor, ______ hormones and ______/_____ ____ cytokines

Answer 29

1. insulin like growth , 2. sex, 3. adipokines/adipocyte derived