Cardiology Flashcards
The function of the heart is to serve as a _____, with two distinct terms to describe it including _____ or the force of contraction and _____ or the rate of the heart.
- pump, 2. inotropy, 3. chronotropy
During diastole, the atrium performs a ___ or a contraction that contributes around 30% of cardiac output but can be absent in ____ ______
- kick, 2. atrial fibrillation
The lymphatic trunk empties fluids into the _____ subclavian vein while the thoracic duct empties fluids to the _____ side
- right, 1. left
Specialized cardiac muscles that have higher rates of rhythm, or the allowance of automaticity, are called ____, e.g. the SA
nodes
Two important electrolytes in the cardiac system involve ______, which has a direct relationship with heart function and ______ which has an indirect relationship with heart function.
- Calcium, 2. Potassium
The _____ or muscular work of pumping determines the demand per minute of ____ by the myocardium and is significant clinical factor.
- MvO2, 2. oxygen
Venous Capacitance refers to it’s ability to accommodate up to ___% of total blood volume at any time even with increased demand.
60
When determining cardiac output, it is important to remember the formula _______ x ______, you can determine the first factor by subtracting the end systolic volume from the end diastolic volume
- stroke volume, 2. heart rate
A normal ejection fracture is __ to ___ % with the formula being stroke volume divided by EDV (end diastolic volume) then multiplied by 100. Any EF less than __ % is considered failing
- 60 to 65, 2. 50
The afterload or the ___ ___ ______ (TPR) represents the amount of resistance the heart must pump against to circulate blood.
total peripheral resistance
Blood pressure can be determined by the equation ___ x ____
- CO (SV x HR), 2. TPR (Afterload)
The MAP or mean average (aortic) pressure is measured by multiplying the _____ pressure by 2 adding the _____ pressure and then dividing this sum by 3
- diastolic, 2. systolic
The pre-capillary sphincter muscle is where the greatest drop in pressure occurs in the body. This area contains ______ and ____ receptors to mediate vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively.
- alpha 1, 2. muscarinic
The RAS (Renin-Angiotensin System) can also cause the involvement of the _____ system making someone pro-_____ due to increasing levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor.
- fibrinolytic, 2. thrombotic
An important biomarker in diagnosing Heart Failure is the _____ _____ _____ which is secreted by the heart, kidneys and brain in response to increased volume load and can cause diuresis, increased glomerular filtration rate and natriuresis (removal of sodium). This does not affect potassium levels.
Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
