Cardiology

Question 1

The function of the heart is to serve as a _____, with two distinct terms to describe it including _____ or the force of contraction and _____ or the rate of the heart.

Answer 1

1. pump, 2. inotropy, 3. chronotropy

Question 2

During diastole, the atrium performs a ___ or a contraction that contributes around 30% of cardiac output but can be absent in ____ ______

Answer 2

1. kick, 2. atrial fibrillation

Question 3

The lymphatic trunk empties fluids into the _____ subclavian vein while the thoracic duct empties fluids to the _____ side

Answer 3

1. right, 1. left

Question 4

Specialized cardiac muscles that have higher rates of rhythm, or the allowance of automaticity, are called ____, e.g. the SA

Answer 4

nodes

Question 5

Two important electrolytes in the cardiac system involve ______, which has a direct relationship with heart function and ______ which has an indirect relationship with heart function.

Answer 5

1. Calcium, 2. Potassium

Question 6

The _____ or muscular work of pumping determines the demand per minute of ____ by the myocardium and is significant clinical factor.

Answer 6

1. MvO2, 2. oxygen

Question 7

Venous Capacitance refers to it’s ability to accommodate up to ___% of total blood volume at any time even with increased demand.

Answer 7

60

Question 8

When determining cardiac output, it is important to remember the formula _______ x ______, you can determine the first factor by subtracting the end systolic volume from the end diastolic volume

Answer 8

1. stroke volume, 2. heart rate

Question 9

A normal ejection fracture is __ to ___ % with the formula being stroke volume divided by EDV (end diastolic volume) then multiplied by 100. Any EF less than __ % is considered failing

Answer 9

1. 60 to 65, 2. 50

Question 10

The afterload or the ___ ___ ______ (TPR) represents the amount of resistance the heart must pump against to circulate blood.

Answer 10

total peripheral resistance

Question 11

Blood pressure can be determined by the equation ___ x ____

Answer 11

1. CO (SV x HR), 2. TPR (Afterload)

Question 12

The MAP or mean average (aortic) pressure is measured by multiplying the _____ pressure by 2 adding the _____ pressure and then dividing this sum by 3

Answer 12

1. diastolic, 2. systolic

Question 13

The pre-capillary sphincter muscle is where the greatest drop in pressure occurs in the body. This area contains ______ and ____ receptors to mediate vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively.

Answer 13

1. alpha 1, 2. muscarinic

Question 14

The RAS (Renin-Angiotensin System) can also cause the involvement of the _____ system making someone pro-_____ due to increasing levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor.

Answer 14

1. fibrinolytic, 2. thrombotic

Question 15

An important biomarker in diagnosing Heart Failure is the _____ _____ _____ which is secreted by the heart, kidneys and brain in response to increased volume load and can cause diuresis, increased glomerular filtration rate and natriuresis (removal of sodium). This does not affect potassium levels.

Answer 15

Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Question 16

Key features to observe when suspecting Infective Endocarditis involve _____ with new/changing ____ ____ and/or ____

Answer 16

1. fever, 2. heart murmur, 3. rash

Question 17

When identifying causes of edema, pitting edema tends to be related to _____ failure, while non pitting edema is related to a lack of _____, _______ or ____ failure

Answer 17

1. heart, 2. albumin, 3. renal, 4. liver

Question 18

When assessing the PMI you would normally feel for a pulse at the __ intercostal space down the mid clavicular line, but in the case of cardiomegaly the apex will shift to the ____

Answer 18

1. 5th, 2. left

Question 19

To summarize the cardiac leads and positions, Leads _, _ and _ involve the left lateral surface. __ involves the left inferior surface while lead __ involves the right atrium. Precordial leads mainly involve the ventricles where ___ and __ are found on the right ventricle along with lead __, leads __ and ___ are found on the septum and leads ___ and ___ are found on the left ventricle side.

Answer 19

1. I, 2. II, 3. AVL, 4. AVF, 5. AVR, 6. V1, 7. V2, 8. V3, 9. V4, 10. V5, 11. V6