Hematology

Question 1

_____ is an essential liquid in our body that makes up 50-55% of our blood volume and is composed of different protein groups such as albumin and globulins

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

The ____ is a large lymphoid organ that filters blood borne antigens and destroys old erythrocytes. This organ contains _____ ___ or lymphoid tissue that hosts macrophages and lymphocytes that assist in filtering and removing old blood.

Answer 2

1. spleen, 2. splenic pulp

Question 3

Due to removal of the spleen, a common complication involves ______ or _____ because there is no longer a means of breaking down old platelets.

Answer 3

1. thrombocytosis, 2. thrombosis

Question 4

While hematopoesis primarily occurs in the bone marrow, ______ _____ can also occur where blood is produced in other sites such as the spleen, liver, adrenal glands, adipose tissue and lymph nodes and may be a sign of disease in adults such as ________ ______

Answer 4

1. Extramedullary hematopoesis, 2. pernicious anemia

Question 5

Two types of stem cells can be found in bone cells, these include ________ ___ cells ((HSC) which is a progenitor of all hematologic cells as well as ______ ____ cells (MSC) which are stromal cells that help maintain the former type and can differentitiate into different cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes

Answer 5

1. hemapoietic stem, 2. mesenchymal stem

Question 6

_____ are a component within the hematological cell microenvironment that provide a system of signal networking to help direct actions of hematopoietic cells such as maintaining retention(CXCL12) and stimulating production (SCF or stem cell factor and angiopoietin 1)

Answer 6

Niches

Question 7

A particular form of an immature erythroblast known as a _____, contains rRNA and polyribosomes as well as mitochondria that assist in globin and heme synthesis

Answer 7

reticulocyte

Question 8

A complex biochemical reaction know as ______ binds to ferrous iron which is crucial for the iron to be charged correctly to Fe __ so oxygen can be binded in the lungs and later transferred to tissues whereas Fe___ cannot.

Answer 8

1. protoporphyrin, 2. ++, 3. +++

Question 9

Two essential nutrients required for successful erythropoiesis include vitamin ___ and ____

Answer 9

1. B12, 2. Folate

Question 10

In the event that the body does not have a spleen, _____ cells facilitate the process of breaking down old red cells

Answer 10

Kupffer (Macrophage)

Question 11

Approximately __ mg of iron is required for daily erythropoiesis

Answer 11

25

Question 12

During Platelet aggregation, _______ _ is activated which is produced in the arachidonic acid pathway. This derivative can counteract _______ which normally causes vasodilation during tissue injury and instead causes ________

Answer 12

1. Thromboxane A2, 2. prostaglandin, 3. vasoconstriction

Question 13

Platelets are composed of three types of granules: ______ ____, _____ ____ and ______, the first two being important in hemostasis and the first type specifically allows for the platelet to change form in order to allow for the actual clotting process to occur.

Answer 13

1. dense bodies, 2. alpha granules, 3. lysosomes

Question 14

Bone marrow aspiration in an important diagnostic test that can assess for central defects in _______ such as various anemias or blood cell stimulating chemicals.

Answer 14

hematopoiesis

Question 15

_-___ is a lab test that can indicate the level of fibrinolytic products and can evaluate for conditions such as DVT or Pulmonary Embolism.

Answer 15

D-Dimer

Question 16

During the fibrinolytic system activation, two pathways of plasminogen are activated in order to dissolve ongoing clots. _____ _____ activator (t-PA) occurs during intravascular fibrinolysis while ______-___ ______ activator occurs in the extravascular compartment

Answer 16

1. Tissue plasminogen, 2. urokinase-like plasminogen

Question 17

In anemia, the blood has decreased _____ or thickness, and also reduces ______ to blood flow in peripheral vessels which leads to ______ blood return to the heart. (Which can lead to heart failure when combined with increased oxygen requirements)

Answer 17

1. viscosity, 2. resistance, 3. greater

Question 18

In polycythemia, there is an ______ in blood volume leading to slowed blood flow which normally does not affect cardiac output but can cause _______. The decreased flow of blood also increases a person’s risk of ______

Answer 18

1. increase, 2. hypertension, 3. clotting

Question 19

Hemoglobin carries ____ and ____ _____ and can serve as an acid-base buffer for excess ____

Answer 19

1. oxygen, 2. carbon dioxide, 3. acid

Question 20

Hemoglobin consists of 4 ____ chains, which involve two alpha and two beta chains in adults, meaning that a normal hemoglobin molecule can hold four _____ molecules

Answer 20

1. globin, 2. oxygen

Question 21

The ___ ____ ______ (RDW) can measure the varying sizes of reticulocytes released when there is an increased need for RBCs, the health of the bone marrow can be assessed with this finding by obtaining a ____ _____ ____ (CBC)

Answer 21

1. red cell distribution width, 2. complete blood count

Question 22

It is important to remember that _____ activity and ____ _____ activity are separate systems despite having the same function.

Answer 22

1. platelet, 2. clotting factor

Question 23

_______ refers to exposure of a polymorphism in an antigen present in a host

Answer 23

alloimmunization

Question 24

_________ occurs from exposure to antigens not present in the host, e.g. a person who is Rh negative is exposed to Rh positive blood.

Question 25

One unit of RBC typically raises hematocrit by _% and raises Hb by _ gm/dl with transfusion goals of 9-10g/dl of Hb

Answer 25

1. 3, 2. 1

Question 26

Red blood cells have a biconcave membrane that allows for permeability through small capillary openings, this flexibility is allowed due to it’s ______ composed membrane and a decrease in these levels may result in hemolysis during circulation.

Answer 26

Phosphate

Question 27

In order for B12 to be absorbed, parietal cells must secrete ______ _____

Answer 27

Intrinsic Factor

Question 28

It is important to remember that replacing folic acid may treat most symptoms of B12 deficiency except for _______ symptoms and should exclude B12 as a source of anemia before supplementing Folic Acid.

Answer 28

neurologic

Question 29

Because iron is often a sought mineral for bacteria, neutrophils will release ______ during periods of inflammation in order to bind iron and prevent bacteria from using it.

Answer 29

Lactoferrin

Question 30

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia is an ______ mediated drug reaction caused by ___ antibodies

Answer 30

1. immune, 2. IgG

Question 31

When neutrophil demand outpaces supply, a ____ _____ occurs where the body will release immature neutrophils into circulation causing a left shift of distribution regarding cell maturity which will correct once the infection or inflammatory process decreases.

Answer 31

leukemoid reaction

Question 32

when assessing for presence of antibodies against B cells due to ______ _____, the presence of ______ antibodies will be present as well as increased T cell activity.

Answer 32

1. Infectious mononucleosis, 2. Heterophile

Question 33

An important feature of lymphomas and other conditions is that lymphomas typically have ______ lymphadenopathy while other diseases, (TB, SLE, Lung/Bone cancer) are observed with _______ lymphadenopathy

Answer 33

1. localized, 2. generalized