Neurology (01/28) Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards
dynamic balance between autonomic branches
homeostasis
autonomic nervous system that is responsible for: enhancing energy storage, decreasing cardiac output, decreasing blood pressure, increases gut peristalsis, salivation, pupillary constriction, and bladder contraction
parasympathetic
autonomic nervous system that is responsible for: energy needs to be expended, increase in heart rate, decrease in peristalsis, blood from gut to muscles, adrenal gland can dump EPINEPHRINE into circulation so widespread, long-lasting effects possible
sympathetic
the autonomic nervous system controls ______ activity
visceral
what are the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
- enteric
what are the 4 similarities between the AUTONOMIC nervous system and the SOMATIC nervous system
- visceral sensory fibers
- ascending pathways
- descending pathways control motor neurons
- reflexes
what is the one major difference between the AUTONOMIC and SOMATIC nervous systems?
the autonomic nervous system’s efferents do not reach their targets directly (two neuron chain)
for the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic cell body is in the _____ and the postganglionic neuron is in the ______
- CNS
- ganglion
for both sympathetic and parasympathetics, the ______ fibers have thin myelin
preganglionic
for both sympathetic and parasympathetics, the _______ fibers are unmyelinated
postganglionic
sympathetic ganglia are located near the ____
CNS
parasympathetic ganglia are located near the _____ _____
innervated organ
what neurotransmitter is used in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic pathways?
Ach ( receptors are different for different pathways so they elicit a different response)
what neurotransmitter is used in the second sympathetic synapse and is not used in the parasympathetic pathway at all?
norepinephrine
between what vertebrae are is the sympathetic nervous system?
- T1-L2/3
in the sympathetic nervous system, the fibers travel in signal nerve to ______ , ______ , and ______
- sympathetic chain
- prevertebral ganglion
- adrenal gland
in what two places are the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic system located?
- brainstem
- sacral cord
in the parasympathetic system, the fibers travel in both _____ and ______ nerves
- cranial
- sacral
where is the only place in the body that does not have parasympathetics?
limbs
what four cranial nerves carry parasympathetic information?
- III
- VII
- IX
- X
what does CN III carry parasympathetics to?
pupil sphincter and ciliary mm. (accommodation reflex)
what does CN VII carry parasympathetics to?
pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion (submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal glands)
what does CN IX carry parasympathetics to?
otic ganglia (parotid gland)
what does CN X carry parasympathetics to?
heart, lungs, lower esophagus, stomach, ascending and transverse colon, pancreas
what is the location for the pre ganglion parasympathetic nerve cell bodies related to CN III?
edinger-westphal nucleus (located in midbrain)
the ciliary m performs accommodation for what type of vision
near
where are the two places that the CN VII terminates (places that are the location of postganglionic nerve cell bodies?)
- pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal & nasal glands)
- submandibular ganglion (submandibular & sublingual gland)
what is the location for the pre ganglion parasympathetic nerve cell bodies related to CN VII
superior salivatory nucleus (located in tegmentum of pons)
what is the location for the pre ganglion parasympathetic nerve cell bodies related to CN IX?
inferior salivatory nucleus (located in medulla)
where does the CN IX terminate?
otic ganglion (parotid gland)
for CN X, where are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies serving the GI tract and gut found?
dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
for CN X, where are the parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies serving the heart found?
nucleus ambiguus
where do the axons of CN X terminate? (location of postganglionic cell bodies)?
wall of the target tissue
between what two vertebrae is sacral parasympathetic outflow occurring? (location of preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies)
S2-4, region of the lateral horn
axons from the sacral parasympathetic outflow terminate in what? (location of postganglionic cell bodies)
wall of the target tissue (colon, bladder, uterus,,,,)
what 4 places do parasympathetic POSTganglionic fibers in the head come from?
- ciliary ganglion to iris (III)
- pterygopalatine ganglion to lacrimal gland (VII)
- submandibular ganglion to submandibular gland (VII)
- otic ganglion to parotid gland (IX)
for the sympathetic nervous system thoracolumbar division, the spinal cord levels ____ to _____ are the source of PREganglionic fibers
- T1
- L2/3
what 4 things could sympathetic PREganglionic fibers do after leaving the ventral root of the spinal cord?
- synapse in nearest ganglion
- ascend chain and synapse in superior cervical or middle cervical ganglia
- descend and synapse in lumbar/sacral ganglia
- traverse the chain and emerge as SPLANCHNIC NERVES
another name for inferior cervical ganglion
stellate
postganglionic fibers reach the head in what two ways?
- cervical ganglia
- carotid plexus
what is the preganglionic neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
Ach
what is the postganglionic neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
Ach
what is the preganglionic neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
Ach
what is the postganglionic neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine (AND Ach)
for the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic nerve cell bodies located?
lateral horn between T1 and L2
loss of sympathetic innervation to the face
horner syndrome
what are the 4 characteristics of horner syndrome?
- ptosis (eyelid droop)(superior tarsal m)
- miosis (small pupil)
- endophthalmos (apparent sunken eye)
- anhydrosis (dry skin)
characteristic of horner syndrome that involves eyelid droop
ptosis
characteristic of horner syndrome that involves a small pupil
miosis
characteristic of horner syndrome that involves apparent sunken eye
endopthalmos
characteristic of horner syndrome that involves dry skin
anhydrosis
congenital horner syndrome has the exact same characteristics as regular horner syndrome except that if it occurs before 2 years old the patient will experience _______ causing each eye to have a different colors
heterochromia
pain from viscera that is perceived as arising from the surface and occurs when visceral structure is innervated by SAME cord level as the surface structure
referred pain
what are three examples of referred pain?
- heart pain during heart attack referred to chest wall or left arm
- intestinal pain referred to anterior abdominal wall
- labor pains referred to sacral area and back
the enteric nervous system provides innervation for what 3 things?
- intestinal tract
- pancreas
- gall bladder
the enteric nervous system provides primary control of what two things?
- motility
- secretion
in reference to the enteric system, what are the two neural plexuses of the intestinal tract?
- myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)
- submucous plexus (of Meissner)
