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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) > Neurology (01/26) Descending Motor Systems > Flashcards

Neurology (01/26) Descending Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

primary muscle disease

A

myopathies (occur in the muscle fibers)

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2
Q

innervates striated muscle, directly signals muscle to contract, only way movement can be initiated

is the LAST NEURON in chain of neurons

A

lower motor neuron

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3
Q

motor neurons that deal with extrafusal muscle fibers

A

alpha motor neurons

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4
Q

motor neurons that deal with intrafusal muscle fibers

A

gamma motor neurons

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5
Q

five types of lower motor neuron lesions

A
  • atonia
  • areflexia
  • flaccid paralysis
  • fasciculations
  • atrophy
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6
Q

lower motor neuron lesion that is a loss of muscle tone

A

atonia

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7
Q

lower motor neuron lesion that is a loss of myotatic (knee jerk) reflex

A

areflexia

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8
Q

lower motor neuron lesion where the muscle becomes limp and just “sits” there

A

flaccid paralysis

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9
Q

lower motor neuron lesion that causes spontaneous muscle contractions (you can see them, they look like twitches)

A

fasciculations

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10
Q

lower motor neuron lesion that is a loss of muscle tissue

A

atrophy

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11
Q

neurons whose axons descend from cortex and end on or near lower motor neurons

A

Upper motor neurons

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of upper motor neuron lesions?

spastic paralysis

A
  • hypertonia
  • hyperreflexia
  • pathologic reflexes
  • big toe dorsoflexion
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13
Q

upper motor neuron lesion that causes increased resting tension and makes it difficult for patients to move arms and legs

A

hypertonia

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14
Q

upper motor neuron lesion that deals with the fanning of toes when the side of the heal is stroked

A

big toe dorsiflexion

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15
Q

in upper motor neurons, is atrophy severe or mild?

A

mild

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16
Q

in lower motor neurons, is atrophy severe or mild?

A

severe

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17
Q

during a routine exam you note that the patient has tongue fasciculations. this raises concern for?

A

lower motor neuron injury

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18
Q

in lower motor neurons, the cell bodies are in the _____ horn

A

anterior

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19
Q

in lower motor neurons, the axons in ______ root divide into terminal branches widely distributed in target muscle

A

ventral

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20
Q

in lower motor neurons, each branch ends at one _______ ______

A

neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

in lower motor neurons arrangement in the spinal cord, the neurons controlling axial muscles are _____ to those controlling distal muscles

A

medial

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22
Q

in lower motor neurons arrangement in the spinal cord, neurons controlling flexors are located _____ to the extensor group

A

posterior

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23
Q

1 motor neuron + all myofibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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24
Q

T/F all motor units are similar in size

A

false

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25
Q

in motor units, does the motor nerve actually innervate every myofiber?

A

no, it is scattered throughout

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26
Q

what are the three types of muscle fibers

A
  • standing
  • running
  • jump
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27
Q

type of muscle fiber that contracts weakly for long periods

A

standing

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28
Q

type of muscle fiber that contracts strongly for short/long periods

A

running

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29
Q

type of muscle fiber that contract very strongly for very short periods

A

jump

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30
Q

each muscle fiber type populates one _____ ____. aka no mixing

A

motor unit

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31
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber is used for sustained force weight bearing?

A

1

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32
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber is used for sudden movements in purposeful motion

A

2

33
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has an abundant amount of lipids?

A

1

34
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has a scant amount of lipids

A

2

35
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has a scant amount of glycogen

A

1

36
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has an abundant amount of glycogen?

A

2

37
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has many mitochondria?

A

1

38
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber has very few mitochondria

A

2

39
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber is involved with slow twitch

A

1

40
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber is involved with fast twitch

A

2

41
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber did the teacher say has a “duck breast muscle”

A

1

42
Q

which type (1 or 2) of muscle fiber did the teacher say has a “turkey breast muscle”

A

2

43
Q

_____ _____ and ______ influence cerebral cortical output to cord and brainstem but everything must first go through the _____

A
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
44
Q

basal ganglia, cerebellum, and associated cortex are vital in design, choice, and monitoring of movement, but note they have NO direct effect on ______ ______ ______

A

lower motor neurons

45
Q

does damage to the basal ganglia or cerebellum areas cause weakness?

A

no, but there may be involuntary movements, incoordination, and difficulty initiating movements

46
Q

as far as deciding what movement should occur, the _______ cortex plans and tells the ______ cortex what to do which is then relayed to the _____ _____ _____

A
  • premotor
  • motor
  • lower motor neurons
47
Q

basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in planning and monitoring movements by effecting the ____ and _______ cortexes

A
  • motor

- premotor

48
Q

where are the two places that most descending motor pathways terminate on?

A
  • dorsal horn neuons

- interneurons on the dorsal horn

49
Q

tract that goes from cortex to spinal cord and is considered a classic upper motor neuron. some fibers to hand region of cord terminate on primary motor neurons in anterior horn

A

corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

50
Q

tract that goes from cortex to brainstem

A

corticobulbar (corticoneuclear) tract

51
Q

tract that goes from cortex to basilar pons

A

corticopontine tract

52
Q

what are the 5 origins of the corticospinal tract?

A
  • primary motor area (40%)
  • somatic sensory area (25%)
  • premotor area (20%)
  • supplementory motor area (10%)
  • superior parietal lobe (5%)
53
Q

what numbers are included in brodmann area?

A

312

54
Q

area 4 on the medial and lateral aspect, its functions are the execution of contralateral voluntary movements (crosses the medulla) and control of fine digital movements.

A

primary motor area

55
Q

the primary motor area projects to what two places?

A
  • brainstem

- spinal cord

56
Q

a lesion of the primary motor cortex causes what?

A

paralysis of contralateral musculature

57
Q

what are the three functions of the premotor area?

A
  • plan movements (response to external cues)
  • control of proximal and axial musculature (trunk, shoulder, hip)
  • assembles empathetic facial movements
58
Q

the premotor area projects to where?

A

primary motor area and reticular formation

59
Q

a lesion of the premotor area causes what two things?

A
  • moderate weakness of contralateral proximal muscles

- loss of ability to associate learned hand movements to verbal or visual cues

60
Q

what is the function of the supplementary motor area? (medial aspect of area 6)

A

plans movements while thinking
(assembles new sequence)
(assembles previously learned sequence)
(“imagines” movements)

61
Q

what two places does the supplementary motor area project to?

A
  • premotor area

- primary motor area

62
Q

the division of the parietal lobe that projects to the primary motor area is responsible for what?

A

directing motor patterns in response to sensory input

63
Q

the division of the parietal lobe that projects to the sensory areas of the brainstem and spinal cord is responsible for what?

A

modulate sensory signals

64
Q

if the corticospinal tract is cut in monkeys, after a period of _____ _____, they move again, but fine ______ movement is lost permanently

A
  • flaccid paralysis

- finger

65
Q

are all movement dependent on the corticospinal tract?

A

no (remember the monkeys) other paths can become active and take over the functions

66
Q

what two places does the corticospinal tract originate from?

A
  • precentral gyrus

- cerebral cortex

67
Q

where does the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

spinomedullary junction

68
Q

in the corticospinal tract, 85% of the fibers cross in decussation in medulla and descend in _____ _____

A

lateral funiculus

69
Q

in the corticospinal tract, 15% of fibers remain uncrossed and descend in _____ _____

A

anterior funiculus

70
Q

in the corticospinal tract, some of the fibers regarding ____ muscle activity cross in the anterior _______ prior to synapsing

A
  • axial

- commissure

71
Q

what are the 4 less important pathways that the professor just wants us to know exist

A
  • rubospinal tract
  • reticulospinal tract
  • vestibulospinal tract
  • tectospinal tract
72
Q

less important tract that is in control of shoulder and proximal arm

A

rubospinal tract

73
Q

less important tract that is in control of axial musculature - walking

A

reticulospinal tract

74
Q

less important tract that is in control of axial musculature - balance

A

vestibulospinal tract

75
Q

less important tract that is believed to be important in head turning reflexes in response to visual stimuli, has an unclear function in humans

A

tectospinal tract

76
Q

where is the origin of the corticobulbar pathway?

A

face/mouth portion of motor cortex and other nearby areas

77
Q

the corticobulbar pathway descends with the corticospinal tract to the level of the target nucleus, then splits off so no ______ _______ exists

A

corticobulbar decussation

78
Q

in the corticobulbar pathway, the _____ face is bilateral, and the _____ face is ipsilateral.

A
  • upper

- lower

79
Q

unilateral damage to the corticobulbar pathway results in what?

A

inability to smile or show teeth symmetrically

the ability to wrinkle forehead is unaffected

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) (10 decks)

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