Neurology (01/14) Peripheral Nervous System and Spinal Cord

Question 1

what is a functional unit of the frontal lobe?

Answer 1

broca’s area

Question 2

what is the functional unit of the temporal lobe

Answer 2

primary auditory cortex

Question 3

the peripheral nerves are wrapped by what three coverings?

Answer 3

• epineurium
• perineurium
• endoneurium

Question 4

covering that is most prominent around nerve trunks, provides tensile strength, and is continuous with dura

Answer 4

epineurium

Question 5

covering that is continuous with arachnoid layer and is also associated with the blood brain barrier

Answer 5

perineurium

Question 6

covering that surrounds the individual nerve fibers

Answer 6

endoneurim

Question 7

myelin is a membrane of ____ cells and covers up to ____ cm of an axon. it also insulates the axon membrane and increases ______ _____

Answer 7

• glial
• 1
• conduction velocity

Question 8

myelin in the CNS is produced by what

Answer 8

oligodendrocytes

Question 9

myelin in the PNS is produced by what

Answer 9

schwann cells

Question 10

during saltatory conductions, membrane depolarization occurs at _____ and depolarization is _____ at the next one. _____ then proceeds in either direction

Answer 10

• nodes
• renewed
• conduction

Question 11

receptor dealing with taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentrations

Answer 11

chemoreceptors

Question 12

receptor dealing with retinal visual receptors

Answer 12

photoreceptors

Question 13

receptors dealing with temperature

Answer 13

thermoreceptors

Question 14

receptors that are diverse, respond to physical deformation, touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors

Answer 14

mechanoreceptors

Question 15

receptors dealing with pain

Answer 15

nociceptors

Question 16

what type of receptors do joints have?

Answer 16

many, but most are mechanoreceptors

Question 17

what type of receptors are muscle spindles?

Answer 17

propriorecptors

Question 18

what are the two areas that all receptors have

Answer 18

• receptive area

- synaptic area

Question 19

area of a receptor that may be specialized to detect adequate stimulus

Answer 19

receptive area

Question 20

area of a receptor where messages are sent towards CNS

Answer 20

synaptic area

Question 21

part of the receptor that conveys information about the location of the stimulus

Answer 21

receptive field

Question 22

we become less sensitive to stimulus is the stimulus is maintained. which receptor is the exception

Answer 22

nocireceptor

Question 23

hair receptors are _____ adapting receptors

Answer 23

rapidly

Question 24

muscle spindles are _____ adapting receptors

Answer 24

slowly

Question 25

joint and muscle receptors detect limb ____ and ____ status

Answer 25

- position | - muscle

Question 26

muscles have free nerve endings and likely detect _____ pain, others are _______ and may be receptive to extracellular environment

Answer 26

- muscle | - chemoreceptors

Question 27

what are the two types encapsulated receptors

Answer 27

- muscle spindles | - golgi tendon organs

Question 28

muscle spindles detect ____ ____ and are numerous in all skeletal muscles. they consist of a few small muscle (intrafusal) fibers within a capsule around the _____ ____ of the fibers

Answer 28

- muscle length | - middle third

Question 29

the ____ area of muscle spindles have sensory endings

Answer 29

central

Question 30

golgi tendon organs are found in muscle-tendon junctions and detect ____ ____. they consist of ____ ____ surrounded by a capsule, sensory fibers enter the capsule and branch among collagen bundles. the muscle contraction distorts the _____, stimulating sensory fibers

Answer 30

- muscle tension - collagen bundles - capsule

Question 31

a diabetic patient reports early symptoms of diabetic neuropathy with pain and burring sensations. which fibers are most likely involved?

Answer 31

small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers

Question 32

dorsal rootlets enter the spinal cord in the _______ sulcus

Answer 32

posterolateral

Question 33

ventral rootlets leave the spinal cord from the ______ sulcus

Answer 33

anterolateral

Question 34

each dorsal root of the spinal cord has a dorsal root _____ that contains cell bodies of ____ neurons

Answer 34

- ganglion | - sensory

Question 35

segments of skin

Answer 35

dermatomes

Question 36

caudal end of the spinal cord

Answer 36

conus medullaris

Question 37

why are there enlargements in the spinal cord?

Answer 37

to access more motor neurons to supply lower and upper extremities

Question 38

what are the two enlargements of the spinal cord

Answer 38

- cervical enlargement (C5-T1) | - lumbar enlargement (L2-S3)

Question 39

terminates in the dura that is connected to the coccyx

Answer 39

filum terminale

Question 40

stereotyped motor outputs that involve neural circuits contained in cord

Answer 40

reflexes

Question 41

located in dorsal horns and may terminate in posterior horn or ascend to medulla

Answer 41

sensory

Question 42

located in anterior horns, leave cord through ventral roots, activity modulated by descending fibers from rostral structures

Answer 42

motor

Question 43

in the spinal cord, the H-shaped gray matter is surrounded by white matter ______

Answer 43

funiculi

Question 44

the posterior horn consists mostly of _____

Answer 44

interneurons

Question 45

part of posterior horn that detects pain and temperature

Answer 45

substantia gelainosa

Question 46

part of posterior horn of spinal cord that consists of finely myelinated and unmyleinated fibers

Answer 46

lissauer's tract

Question 47

contains motor neurons that control skeletal muscle known as lower motor neurons or alpha neurons. it is the only means to move a muscle

Answer 47

anterior horn of spinal cord

Question 48

alpha motor neurons cluster into groups, _____ muscles are innervated by the medial clusters

Answer 48

axial

Question 49

alpha motor neurons cluster into groups, _____ are innervated by lateral clusters

Answer 49

limb

Question 50

what are the two specialized columns in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at the cervical levels

Answer 50

- spinal accessory nucleus (forms accessory nerve) | - phrenic nucleus (innervates diaphram)

Question 51

preganglionic sympathetic neurons all in T1-L3 are located in the _________ cell column and are lateral extensions of gray matter

Answer 51

intermedolateral

Question 52

where is there not a distinct intermediate horn in the spinal cord?

Answer 52

S2-S4

Question 53

collection of neurons on medial surface of intermediate gray matter from T1-L2

Answer 53

clarke's neucleus

Question 54

part of the intermediate spinal cord that relays nucleus for transmission of info to cerebellum as well as proprioceptive info from leg

Answer 54

clarke's nucleus

Question 55

when does the spinal cord actually extend the length of the embryo?

Answer 55

3 months

Question 56

the spinal cord is attached to the dura by the _____ _____

Answer 56

filum terminale

Question 57

where is a lumbar puncture performed at?

Answer 57

L4 and 5

Question 58

where is the caudal equina?

Answer 58

end of L1/2 to end of dura at S2

Question 59

what suspends the caudal end of the spinal cord?

Answer 59

denticulate ligaments

Question 60

what three things are involved with all reflexes?

Answer 60

- receptor - afferent neuron (cell body in DRG) - efferent neuron (cell body in CNS)

Question 61

all reflexes involve interneurons except ______

Answer 61

stretch

Question 62

the simplest reflex. it is monosynaptic so only 2 neurons and on synapse between them. it is believed to be important during movements and maintaining posture

Answer 62

stretch reflex

Question 63

Ib fibers have varying effects in _____ _____ organs | depends on limb activity and position

Answer 63

golgi tendon

Question 64

____ ____ _____ can be stimulating and inhibitory in the reflex

Answer 64

golgi tendon organs

Question 65

thought to contribute to fine adjustment in force of muscle contraction during muscle activity

Answer 65

muscle tension