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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) > Neurology (01/14) Peripheral Nervous System and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Neurology (01/14) Peripheral Nervous System and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is a functional unit of the frontal lobe?

A

broca’s area

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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex

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3
Q

the peripheral nerves are wrapped by what three coverings?

A
  • epineurium
  • perineurium
  • endoneurium
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4
Q

covering that is most prominent around nerve trunks, provides tensile strength, and is continuous with dura

A

epineurium

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5
Q

covering that is continuous with arachnoid layer and is also associated with the blood brain barrier

A

perineurium

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6
Q

covering that surrounds the individual nerve fibers

A

endoneurim

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7
Q

myelin is a membrane of ____ cells and covers up to ____ cm of an axon. it also insulates the axon membrane and increases ______ _____

A
  • glial
  • 1
  • conduction velocity
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8
Q

myelin in the CNS is produced by what

A

oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

myelin in the PNS is produced by what

A

schwann cells

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10
Q

during saltatory conductions, membrane depolarization occurs at _____ and depolarization is _____ at the next one. _____ then proceeds in either direction

A
  • nodes
  • renewed
  • conduction
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11
Q

receptor dealing with taste, smell, pH, metabolite concentrations

A

chemoreceptors

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12
Q

receptor dealing with retinal visual receptors

A

photoreceptors

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13
Q

receptors dealing with temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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14
Q

receptors that are diverse, respond to physical deformation, touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

receptors dealing with pain

A

nociceptors

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16
Q

what type of receptors do joints have?

A

many, but most are mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

what type of receptors are muscle spindles?

A

propriorecptors

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18
Q

what are the two areas that all receptors have

A
  • receptive area

- synaptic area

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19
Q

area of a receptor that may be specialized to detect adequate stimulus

A

receptive area

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20
Q

area of a receptor where messages are sent towards CNS

A

synaptic area

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21
Q

part of the receptor that conveys information about the location of the stimulus

A

receptive field

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22
Q

we become less sensitive to stimulus is the stimulus is maintained. which receptor is the exception

A

nocireceptor

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23
Q

hair receptors are _____ adapting receptors

A

rapidly

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24
Q

muscle spindles are _____ adapting receptors

A

slowly

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25
Q

joint and muscle receptors detect limb ____ and ____ status

A
  • position

- muscle

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26
Q

muscles have free nerve endings and likely detect _____ pain, others are _______ and may be receptive to extracellular environment

A
  • muscle

- chemoreceptors

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27
Q

what are the two types encapsulated receptors

A
  • muscle spindles

- golgi tendon organs

28
Q

muscle spindles detect ____ ____ and are numerous in all skeletal muscles. they consist of a few small muscle (intrafusal) fibers within a capsule around the _____ ____ of the fibers

A
  • muscle length

- middle third

29
Q

the ____ area of muscle spindles have sensory endings

A

central

30
Q

golgi tendon organs are found in muscle-tendon junctions and detect ____ ____. they consist of ____ ____ surrounded by a capsule, sensory fibers enter the capsule and branch among collagen bundles. the muscle contraction distorts the _____, stimulating sensory fibers

A
  • muscle tension
  • collagen bundles
  • capsule
31
Q

a diabetic patient reports early symptoms of diabetic neuropathy with pain and burring sensations. which fibers are most likely involved?

A

small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers

32
Q

dorsal rootlets enter the spinal cord in the _______ sulcus

A

posterolateral

33
Q

ventral rootlets leave the spinal cord from the ______ sulcus

A

anterolateral

34
Q

each dorsal root of the spinal cord has a dorsal root _____ that contains cell bodies of ____ neurons

A
  • ganglion

- sensory

35
Q

segments of skin

A

dermatomes

36
Q

caudal end of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

37
Q

why are there enlargements in the spinal cord?

A

to access more motor neurons to supply lower and upper extremities

38
Q

what are the two enlargements of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical enlargement (C5-T1)

- lumbar enlargement (L2-S3)

39
Q

terminates in the dura that is connected to the coccyx

A

filum terminale

40
Q

stereotyped motor outputs that involve neural circuits contained in cord

A

reflexes

41
Q

located in dorsal horns and may terminate in posterior horn or ascend to medulla

A

sensory

42
Q

located in anterior horns, leave cord through ventral roots, activity modulated by descending fibers from rostral structures

A

motor

43
Q

in the spinal cord, the H-shaped gray matter is surrounded by white matter ______

A

funiculi

44
Q

the posterior horn consists mostly of _____

A

interneurons

45
Q

part of posterior horn that detects pain and temperature

A

substantia gelainosa

46
Q

part of posterior horn of spinal cord that consists of finely myelinated and unmyleinated fibers

A

lissauer’s tract

47
Q

contains motor neurons that control skeletal muscle known as lower motor neurons or alpha neurons. it is the only means to move a muscle

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

48
Q

alpha motor neurons cluster into groups, _____ muscles are innervated by the medial clusters

A

axial

49
Q

alpha motor neurons cluster into groups, _____ are innervated by lateral clusters

A

limb

50
Q

what are the two specialized columns in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at the cervical levels

A
  • spinal accessory nucleus (forms accessory nerve)

- phrenic nucleus (innervates diaphram)

51
Q

preganglionic sympathetic neurons all in T1-L3 are located in the _________ cell column and are lateral extensions of gray matter

A

intermedolateral

52
Q

where is there not a distinct intermediate horn in the spinal cord?

A

S2-S4

53
Q

collection of neurons on medial surface of intermediate gray matter from T1-L2

A

clarke’s neucleus

54
Q

part of the intermediate spinal cord that relays nucleus for transmission of info to cerebellum as well as proprioceptive info from leg

A

clarke’s nucleus

55
Q

when does the spinal cord actually extend the length of the embryo?

A

3 months

56
Q

the spinal cord is attached to the dura by the _____ _____

A

filum terminale

57
Q

where is a lumbar puncture performed at?

A

L4 and 5

58
Q

where is the caudal equina?

A

end of L1/2 to end of dura at S2

59
Q

what suspends the caudal end of the spinal cord?

A

denticulate ligaments

60
Q

what three things are involved with all reflexes?

A
  • receptor
  • afferent neuron (cell body in DRG)
  • efferent neuron (cell body in CNS)
61
Q

all reflexes involve interneurons except ______

A

stretch

62
Q

the simplest reflex. it is monosynaptic so only 2 neurons and on synapse between them. it is believed to be important during movements and maintaining posture

A

stretch reflex

63
Q

Ib fibers have varying effects in _____ _____ organs

depends on limb activity and position

A

golgi tendon

64
Q

____ ____ _____ can be stimulating and inhibitory in the reflex

A

golgi tendon organs

65
Q

thought to contribute to fine adjustment in force of muscle contraction during muscle activity

A

muscle tension

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) (10 decks)

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