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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) > Neurology (01/12) Intro to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure > Flashcards

Neurology (01/12) Intro to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

composed of the spinal and cranial nerves, used for conveying messages from the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

two things that make up neurons

A
  1. cell bodies

2. neurites (dendrites/axons)

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3
Q

small neurotransmitter that is excitatory

A

glutamate

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4
Q

small neurotransmitter that is inhibitory

A

GABA

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5
Q

the three monoamine neurotransmitters (that are all excitatory)

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine (& epinephrine)
  3. serotonin
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6
Q

two types of neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A
  • ACTH

- Substance P

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7
Q

the _____ part of the brain is the top of it

A

dorsal

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8
Q

the ____ part of the brain is on the bottom of it

A

ventral

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9
Q

____ ____ changes axis of cord/brainstem relative to cerebrum

A

cephalic flexure

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10
Q

what three types of axons in the CNS are there?

A
  • tract
  • lemniscus
  • peduncle
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11
Q

what are axons in the PNS called?

A

nerve

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12
Q

we have _____ square feet of cortex on our cerebrum

A

2.5

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13
Q

deep sulci on the brain

A

fissures

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14
Q

five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • limbic (surrounds the corpus callosum)
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15
Q

the frontal gyri of the frontal lobe are broken up into ______, ______, and _____

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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16
Q

the four general functional areas of the frontal lobe

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • premotor and supplemental motor areas
  • broca’s area
  • prefrontal cortex
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17
Q

is the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and is the origin of descending motor pathway. It also initiates voluntary movements

A

precentral gyrus

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18
Q

part of the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe, nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

A

premotor and supplemental motor areas

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19
Q

inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere of the frontal lobe (usually left) and is in charge of the production of spoken and written language

A

broca’s area

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20
Q

largest part of the frontal lobe that controls executive functions such as personality, foresight, insight

A

prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

what are the three structures on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe?

A
  • postcentral gyrus
  • superior parietal lobule
  • inferior parietal lobule
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22
Q

what are the two structures on the medial surface of the parietal lobe

A
  • precuneus

- paracentral lobule

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23
Q

part of the parietal lobe that is involved with primary somatosensory cortex and is concerned with initial processing of tactile and propiroceptive information

A

postcentral gyrus

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24
Q

part of the parietal lobe that usually only involves one hemisphere and deals with language comprehension

A

inferior parietal lobe

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25
part of the parietal lobe that deals with complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention
rest of parietal cortex
26
what are the three structures on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?
- superior temporal gyri - middle temporal gyri - inferior temporal gyri
27
what is the only structure of the inferior temporal lobe?
occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
28
the superior part of the temporal lobe that is part of the superior temporal gyrus
primary auditory cortex
29
posterior aspect of the temporal lobe (usually left) that deals with language comprehension
wernike's area
30
part of the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory
medial temporal lobe
31
what are the two structures on the medial surface of the occipital lobe
- cuneus | - lingual gyrus
32
two types of gyri that make up the limbic lobe
- cingulate | - parahippocampal
33
system that is important in emotional responses, drive- related behaviors, and memory
limbic system
34
buried deep in the lateral sulcus, covered by frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula (lid). it overlies the site where telencephalon and dienchephalon fuse during development
insula
35
four divisions of the diencephalon
- thalamus - hypothalamus - epithalamus - subthalamus
36
consists of multiple nuclei, is a mass intermedia or intrathalamic adhesion, borders part of the third ventricle
thalamus
37
no sensory information except _____ reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop in the thalamus
olfaction
38
the thalamus is involved in motor system ____ ____ , which are loops that involve the cerebellum and basal ganglia
neural circuits
39
_____ _____ projections to cortex stop in the thalamus first
limbic system
40
connects the hypothalamus with pituitary
infundibular stalk
41
major visceral control center that also has limbic functions
hypothalamus
42
conveys information to and from the cerebrum
brainstem
43
three subdivisions of the brainstem
- midbrain - pons - medulla
44
optic tract ends in the _____
thalamus
45
CN III emerges from the _______ _____
interpeduncular fossa
46
CN IV emerges from _____ aspect of brainstem and is the only one to do so
dorsal
47
which two cranial nerves does the midbrain give off?
three and four
48
what 4 cranial nerves do the pons give off?
5-8
49
what 4 cranial nerves does the medulla give off?
9-12
50
involved in movement control and is separated by the thalamus by the internal capsule (fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures)
basal ganglia
51
part of the limbic system that is found beneath the uncus in the temporal lobe
amygdala
52
cavities of embryologic neural tube filled with CSF that suspend the brain, regulates extracellular fluid composition
ventricles
53
the largest subarachnoid cistern
cisterna magna
54
reabsorbs CSF using bulk flow back into the venous system
arachnoid villi
55
problem that arises when intracranial pressure increases
subdural hematoma
56
refers to the arachnoid and pia mater together
leptomeninges
57
space that can form between dura and calvaria
epidural space
58
space that can form between dura-arachnoid interface
subdural space
59
space that is normally present and filled with CSF and is enlarged at the cisterns
subarachnoid space
60
tear of menial arteries between skull and dura
epidural hematoma
61
when the dura folds onto itself
dura fold/septum
62
space in the tentorium where brainstem passes through
tentorial notch/incisure
63
long and thin artery that comes off of the internal carotid, it is involved in strokes and supplies many different structures such as the optic tract, choroid plexus in temporal horn of lateral ventricle and deep structures
anterior choroidal artery
64
what does the posterior spinal artery supply
posterior 1/3 of spinal cord
65
what does the anterior spinal artery supply
anterior 2/3 of cord
66
term that shows that vessels are stretch sensitive, so they constrict when high pressure and dilate when low pressure
autoregulation
67
collaboration of brain and vessels could be a response to increased ____ ____
brain activity
68
____ _____ are helpful to predict the results of compromised blood flow in a particular vessel
vascular territories
69
anatomic and physiologic barrier that controls movement materials from extracellular fluid of body to extracellular fluid of brain
blood brain barrier
70
____-_____ substances go through the blood brain barrier
light-soluble
71
_____ can cross the blood brain barrier by facilitated diffusion
glucose
72
where does most of the venous blood drain on the superficial brain?
superior sagittal sinus
73
where does most of the venous blood drain on the deep brain?
straight sinus
74
what are the three superficial veins of the brain?
- superficial middle cerebral vein - superficial anastomotic vein (vein of trolard) - inferior anastomotic vein (vein of Labbe)
75
internal cerebral vein is formed by confluence of _____ vein and _____ vein, and is joined by the ______ vein
- septal - thalamostriate - choroidal
76
the _____ vein forms near optic chasm and drains orbitofrontal cortex, insula, inferior basal ganglia, and parts of the temporal lobe
basal
77
the basal vein joins the great vein of _____ and then flows into straight sinus
galen

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) (10 decks)

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