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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) > Neurology (01/12) Intro to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure > Flashcards

Neurology (01/12) Intro to Neuroanatomy and Gross Brain Structure Flashcards

1
Q

composed of the spinal and cranial nerves, used for conveying messages from the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

two things that make up neurons

A
  1. cell bodies

2. neurites (dendrites/axons)

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3
Q

small neurotransmitter that is excitatory

A

glutamate

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4
Q

small neurotransmitter that is inhibitory

A

GABA

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5
Q

the three monoamine neurotransmitters (that are all excitatory)

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine (& epinephrine)
  3. serotonin
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6
Q

two types of neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A
  • ACTH

- Substance P

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7
Q

the _____ part of the brain is the top of it

A

dorsal

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8
Q

the ____ part of the brain is on the bottom of it

A

ventral

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9
Q

____ ____ changes axis of cord/brainstem relative to cerebrum

A

cephalic flexure

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10
Q

what three types of axons in the CNS are there?

A
  • tract
  • lemniscus
  • peduncle
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11
Q

what are axons in the PNS called?

A

nerve

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12
Q

we have _____ square feet of cortex on our cerebrum

A

2.5

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13
Q

deep sulci on the brain

A

fissures

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14
Q

five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • limbic (surrounds the corpus callosum)
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15
Q

the frontal gyri of the frontal lobe are broken up into ______, ______, and _____

A
  • superior
  • middle
  • inferior
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16
Q

the four general functional areas of the frontal lobe

A
  • precentral gyrus
  • premotor and supplemental motor areas
  • broca’s area
  • prefrontal cortex
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17
Q

is the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe and is the origin of descending motor pathway. It also initiates voluntary movements

A

precentral gyrus

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18
Q

part of the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe, nearby portions of superior and middle frontal gyri

A

premotor and supplemental motor areas

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19
Q

inferior frontal gyrus of one hemisphere of the frontal lobe (usually left) and is in charge of the production of spoken and written language

A

broca’s area

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20
Q

largest part of the frontal lobe that controls executive functions such as personality, foresight, insight

A

prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

what are the three structures on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe?

A
  • postcentral gyrus
  • superior parietal lobule
  • inferior parietal lobule
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22
Q

what are the two structures on the medial surface of the parietal lobe

A
  • precuneus

- paracentral lobule

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23
Q

part of the parietal lobe that is involved with primary somatosensory cortex and is concerned with initial processing of tactile and propiroceptive information

A

postcentral gyrus

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24
Q

part of the parietal lobe that usually only involves one hemisphere and deals with language comprehension

A

inferior parietal lobe

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25
Q

part of the parietal lobe that deals with complex aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention

A

rest of parietal cortex

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26
Q

what are the three structures on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?

A
  • superior temporal gyri
  • middle temporal gyri
  • inferior temporal gyri
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27
Q

what is the only structure of the inferior temporal lobe?

A

occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

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28
Q

the superior part of the temporal lobe that is part of the superior temporal gyrus

A

primary auditory cortex

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29
Q

posterior aspect of the temporal lobe (usually left) that deals with language comprehension

A

wernike’s area

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30
Q

part of the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

A

medial temporal lobe

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31
Q

what are the two structures on the medial surface of the occipital lobe

A
  • cuneus

- lingual gyrus

32
Q

two types of gyri that make up the limbic lobe

A
  • cingulate

- parahippocampal

33
Q

system that is important in emotional responses, drive- related behaviors, and memory

A

limbic system

34
Q

buried deep in the lateral sulcus, covered by frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula (lid). it overlies the site where telencephalon and dienchephalon fuse during development

A

insula

35
Q

four divisions of the diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
36
Q

consists of multiple nuclei, is a mass intermedia or intrathalamic adhesion, borders part of the third ventricle

A

thalamus

37
Q

no sensory information except _____ reaches the cerebral cortex without a stop in the thalamus

A

olfaction

38
Q

the thalamus is involved in motor system ____ ____ , which are loops that involve the cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

neural circuits

39
Q

_____ _____ projections to cortex stop in the thalamus first

A

limbic system

40
Q

connects the hypothalamus with pituitary

A

infundibular stalk

41
Q

major visceral control center that also has limbic functions

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

conveys information to and from the cerebrum

A

brainstem

43
Q

three subdivisions of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
44
Q

optic tract ends in the _____

A

thalamus

45
Q

CN III emerges from the _______ _____

A

interpeduncular fossa

46
Q

CN IV emerges from _____ aspect of brainstem and is the only one to do so

A

dorsal

47
Q

which two cranial nerves does the midbrain give off?

A

three and four

48
Q

what 4 cranial nerves do the pons give off?

A

5-8

49
Q

what 4 cranial nerves does the medulla give off?

A

9-12

50
Q

involved in movement control and is separated by the thalamus by the internal capsule (fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures)

A

basal ganglia

51
Q

part of the limbic system that is found beneath the uncus in the temporal lobe

A

amygdala

52
Q

cavities of embryologic neural tube filled with CSF that suspend the brain, regulates extracellular fluid composition

A

ventricles

53
Q

the largest subarachnoid cistern

A

cisterna magna

54
Q

reabsorbs CSF using bulk flow back into the venous system

A

arachnoid villi

55
Q

problem that arises when intracranial pressure increases

A

subdural hematoma

56
Q

refers to the arachnoid and pia mater together

A

leptomeninges

57
Q

space that can form between dura and calvaria

A

epidural space

58
Q

space that can form between dura-arachnoid interface

A

subdural space

59
Q

space that is normally present and filled with CSF and is enlarged at the cisterns

A

subarachnoid space

60
Q

tear of menial arteries between skull and dura

A

epidural hematoma

61
Q

when the dura folds onto itself

A

dura fold/septum

62
Q

space in the tentorium where brainstem passes through

A

tentorial notch/incisure

63
Q

long and thin artery that comes off of the internal carotid, it is involved in strokes and supplies many different structures such as the optic tract, choroid plexus in temporal horn of lateral ventricle and deep structures

A

anterior choroidal artery

64
Q

what does the posterior spinal artery supply

A

posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

65
Q

what does the anterior spinal artery supply

A

anterior 2/3 of cord

66
Q

term that shows that vessels are stretch sensitive, so they constrict when high pressure and dilate when low pressure

A

autoregulation

67
Q

collaboration of brain and vessels could be a response to increased ____ ____

A

brain activity

68
Q

____ _____ are helpful to predict the results of compromised blood flow in a particular vessel

A

vascular territories

69
Q

anatomic and physiologic barrier that controls movement materials from extracellular fluid of body to extracellular fluid of brain

A

blood brain barrier

70
Q

____-_____ substances go through the blood brain barrier

A

light-soluble

71
Q

_____ can cross the blood brain barrier by facilitated diffusion

A

glucose

72
Q

where does most of the venous blood drain on the superficial brain?

A

superior sagittal sinus

73
Q

where does most of the venous blood drain on the deep brain?

A

straight sinus

74
Q

what are the three superficial veins of the brain?

A
  • superficial middle cerebral vein
  • superficial anastomotic vein (vein of trolard)
  • inferior anastomotic vein (vein of Labbe)
75
Q

internal cerebral vein is formed by confluence of _____ vein and _____ vein, and is joined by the ______ vein

A
  • septal
  • thalamostriate
  • choroidal
76
Q

the _____ vein forms near optic chasm and drains orbitofrontal cortex, insula, inferior basal ganglia, and parts of the temporal lobe

A

basal

77
Q

the basal vein joins the great vein of _____ and then flows into straight sinus

A

galen

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 1) (10 decks)

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