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Step 1 - Quick Decks > Neurological Functions & Lesions > Flashcards

Neurological Functions & Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

lateral nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

hunger; stimulated by ghrelin

lesion = anorexia, failure to thrive (infants)

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2
Q

ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

satiety; stimulated by leptin

lesion = hyperphagia

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3
Q

anterior nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

cooling, parasympathetic

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4
Q

posterior nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

heating, sympathetic

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5
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

circadian rhythm

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6
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (hypothalamus)

A

synthesize ADH and oxytocin

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7
Q

preoptic nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

thermoregulation, sexual behavior; releases GnRH

failure of GnRH-producing neurons to migrate from olfactory pit => Kallmann syndrome

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8
Q

ventral posterolateral nucleus (thalamus)

A

vibration, pain, pressure, proprioception (conscious), light touch, temperature

input: spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

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9
Q

ventral posteromedial nucleus (thalamus)

A

face sensation, taste

input: trigeminal and gustatory pathway

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10
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

A

vision

input: CNII, optic chiasm, optic tract

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11
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)

A

hearing

input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

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12
Q

ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei (thalamus)

A

motor

input: basal ganglia, cerebellum

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13
Q

limbic system

A

structures: hippocampus, amygdalae, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus

functions: feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, and sex

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14
Q

mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

A

ventral tegmental area => cortex

decreased activity: negative symptoms (anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity)

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15
Q

mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

ventral tegmental area => nucleus accumbens

increased activity: positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)

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16
Q

nigrotriatal dopaminergic pathway

A

substantia nigra => dorsal striatum

decreased activity: extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia)

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17
Q

tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway

A

hypothalamus => pituitary gland

decreased activity: increased prolactin (decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia)

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18
Q

lateral cerebellar lesions

A

affect voluntary movement of extremities; propensity to fall toward injured (ipsilateral) side

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19
Q

medial cerebellar lesions

A

truncal ataxia (wide-based cerebellar gait), nystagmus, head tilting; bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature

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20
Q

basal ganglia structures

A

striatum: putamen + caudate nucleus
lentiform: putamen + globus pallidus

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21
Q

ACA-MCA watershed infarct

A

proximal upper and lower extremity weakness

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22
Q

PCA-MCA watershed infarct

A

higher-order visual dysfunction

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23
Q

venous sinus thrombosis

A

increased ICP (headache, seizures, papilledema, focal neurologic deficits)

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24
Q

accommodation reflex: afferent and efferent limbs

A

afferent: II

efferent: III

25
Q

corneal reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: V1 (ophthalmic nasociliary branch)

efferent: bilateral VII (temporal branch)

26
Q

cough reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: X

efferent: X (also phrenic and spinal nerves)

27
Q

gag reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: IX

efferent: X

28
Q

jaw jerk reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: V3 (sensory - muscle spindle from masseter)

efferent: V3 (motor - masseter)

29
Q

lacrimation reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: V1

efferent: VII

30
Q

pupillary reflex: afferent and efferent limb

A

afferent: II

efferent: III

31
Q

prefrontal cortex lesion

A

frontal lobe syndrome: disinhibition, hyperphagia, impulsivity, loss of empathy, impaired executive function, akinetic mutism

32
Q

frontal eye fields lesion

A

eyes look toward brain lesion (away from side of hemiplegia); seen in MCA stroke

33
Q

paramedian pontine reticular formation lesion

A

eyes look away from brain lesion (toward side of hemiplegia)

34
Q

dominant parietal cortex lesion

A

Gerstmann syndrome: agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

35
Q

nondominant parietal cortex lesion

A

hemispatial neglect syndrome: agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

36
Q

basal ganglia lesion

A

tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis

Parkinson disease, Huntington disease

37
Q

subthalamic nucleus lesion

A

contralateral hemiballismus

38
Q

amygdala lesion

A

bilateral lesions = Kluver-Bucy syndrome: disinhibition (hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality)

seen in HSV-1 encephalitis

39
Q

mammillary bodies lesion

A

bilateral lesions = Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome

due to thiamine deficiency

40
Q

hippocampus lesion

A

bilateral lesions = anterograde amnesia

seen in Alzheimer disease

41
Q

dorsal midbrain lesion

A

Parinaud syndrome: paralysis of upwards gaze, pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupils, convergence-retraction nystagmus, eyelid retraction

often due to pineal gland tumors

42
Q

reticular activating system lesion

A

reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness, coma

43
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus lesion

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia (impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye, nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction)

seen in multiple sclerosis

44
Q

cerebellar hemisphere lesion

A

intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance; ipsilateral deficits; fall toward side of lesion

45
Q

cerebellar vermis lesion

A

truncal ataxia (wide-based gait), nystagmus, dysarthria

46
Q

decorticate (flexor) posturing

A

upper limb flexion, lower limb extension

lesion above red nucleus (often cerebral cortex) => overactive rubrospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

47
Q

decerebrate (extensor) posturing

A

upper and lower limb extension

lesion between red and vestibular nuclei (brainstem) => overactive vestibulospinal tract

worse prognosis than decorticate posturing

48
Q

ACA stroke

A

area affected: motor and sensory cortices (lower limb)

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss (lower limb, urinary incontinence)

49
Q

MCA stroke

A

area affected: motor and sensory cortices (upper limb and face), temporal lobe (Wernicke area), frontal lobe (Broca area)

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss (lower face and upper limb); aphasia (dominant hemisphere) or hemineglect (nondominant hemisphere)

50
Q

lenticulostriate artery stroke

A

area affected: striatum, internal capsule

contralateral paralysis; absence of cortical signs (pure motor stroke)

51
Q

PCA stroke

A

area affected: occipital lobe

contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing; alexia without agraphia (dominant hemisphere), prosopagnosia (nondominant hemisphere)

52
Q

basilar artery stroke

A

area affected: pons, medulla, lower midbrain, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, ocular cranial nerve nuclei, paramedian pontine reticular formation

locked in syndrome: consciousness preserved if RAS spared; quadriplegia, loss of voluntary facial mouth, and tongue movements; loss of horizontal, but not vertical eye movements

53
Q

AICA stroke

A

area affected: facial nerve nuclei => paralysis of face, decreased lacrimation and salivation, decreased taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

area affected: vestibular nuclei => vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus

area affected: spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus => decreased pain and temperature sensation from contralateral body, ipsilateral face

area affected: sympathetic fibers => ipsilateral Horner syndrome

area affected: middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles => ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria

area affected: inner ear => ipsilateral sensorineural deafness, vertigo

54
Q

PICA stroke

A

lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome

area affected: nucleus ambiguus (CN IX, X, XI) => dysphagia, hoarseness, decreased gag reflex, hiccups

area affected: vestibular nuclei => vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus

area affected: lateral STT, spinal trigeminal nucleus => decreased pain and temperature sensation from contralateral body, ipsilateral face

area affected: sympathetic fibers => ipsilateral Horner syndrome

area affected: inferior cerebellar peduncle => ipsilateral ataxia, dysmetria

55
Q

anterior spinal artery stroke

A

medial medullary syndrome

area affected: corticospinal tract => contralateral paralysis (upper and lower limbs)

area affected: medial lemniscus => decreased contralateral proprioception

area affected: caudal medulla (hypoglossal nerve) => ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction (tongue deviates ipsilaterally)

56
Q

CN V motor lesion

A

jaw deviates toward side of lesion (unopposed force from opposite pterygoid muscle)

57
Q

CN X lesion

A

uvula deviates away from side of lesion (weak side collapses and uvula points away)

58
Q

CN XI lesion

A

weakness turning head to contralateral side of lesion, shoulder droop on side of lesion

59
Q

CN XII lesion

A

LMN lesion; tongue deviates toward side of lesion (weakened tongue muscles on affected side)

Step 1 - Quick Decks (18 decks)

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