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Neuro > neurologic anatomy of the skull/cranial cavity > Flashcards

neurologic anatomy of the skull/cranial cavity Flashcards

1
Q

rhinorrhea

A

CSF leaking through nose

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2
Q

two parts of the skull

A

neurocranium - vault around the brain and viscerocranium - forms the skeleton of the face

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3
Q

the viscerocranium is formed mainly from the embryonic _______

A

pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

At birth, why is the viscerocranium especially small compared to the neurocranium?

A

Virtual absence of paranasal sinuses (maxillary sinus) Teeth have not erupted Small size of the mandible

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5
Q

the nasal cavity and forms the floor of the orbit

A

MAXILLA

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6
Q

forms the forehead and superior aspects of the orbit

A

frontal bone

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7
Q

form the check bones and also contributes to the orbit

A

zygomatic bones

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8
Q

the lower jaw bone

A

mandible

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9
Q

the foramina in the anterior aspect of the skull are necessary for the passage of nerve branches including ____

A

trigeminal nerve

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10
Q

the area where the 4 flat bones of the skull articulate together

A

Pterion

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11
Q

paired parietal bones are joined by the midline

A

sagittal suture

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12
Q

parietal bones articulate with the occipital bone via the ____ suture

A

lambdoid

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13
Q

a prominent osseous protrusion posteriorly

A

external occipital protuberance EOP

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what is this structure

A

Pterion

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16
Q

______ is formed by the paired parietal bones, frontal bone, and the occipital bone

A

skull cap

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17
Q

Internal aspect of the skull cap reveals numerous grooves which mark the location of the _________

A

middle meningeal blood vessels

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18
Q

tufts of arachnoid mater that serve as sites for reabsorption of CSF into the venous system

A

arachnoid granulations

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19
Q

3 layers of skull bone

A

dense outer layer

middle diploe

thin inner table

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20
Q

the small recesses or “pits” called ______ produced by the arachnoidgranulations

A

foveolae

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21
Q

this artery runs just beneath the pterion

A

middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary)

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22
Q

The middle meningeal artery can be lacerated following trauma to the pterion resulting in an _______ and subsequent herniation of the brain

A

epidural hematoma

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23
Q

Ossification of the skull is _______ at birth to allow for continued brain growth and facilitate passage through the birth canal

A

incomplete

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24
Q

_____ and _____ in the infant skull are areas of membrane not yet replaced by bone

A

sutures

fontanelles

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25
Q

anterior fontanelle closes

A

18-24 months

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26
Q

in an infant, the anterior fontanelle is _____ if severely dehydrated

A

sunken

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27
Q

in an infant, the anterior fontanelle is ______ if increased intracranial pressure (hydrocephaly, encephalitis)

A

Bulging

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28
Q

If there is premature closure (fusion) at one of the sutures ________ occurs along other suture lines to compensate for the growing brain

A

… …compensatory growth

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29
Q

Enlargement/growth of the neurocranium occurs by bony deposition via __________ at these sutures and fontanelles

A

(intramembranous bone formation)

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30
Q

premature closure of the sagittal suture which prevents normal growth in the width of the skull

A

scaphocephaly

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31
Q

premature closure of coronal suture which prevents normal growth in the length of the skull…

A

brachycephaly

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32
Q

scaphocephaly results in a ___(shape)___ neurocranium

A

long and narrow

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33
Q

brachycephaly results in a _____ neurocranium

A

short - wide

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34
Q

coverings that surround and protect the brain

A

cranial meninges

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35
Q

layers of cranial meninges

A
  1. dura mater - thick dense external fibrous membrane
  2. arachnoid mater - delicate intermediate membrane with fine trabeculuae
  3. pia mater - a delicate inner membrane closely adhered to surface of brain and its contours
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36
Q

Collectively, the arachnoid and pia are referred to as the ______

A

leptomeninges

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37
Q

what is between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

subarachnoid space

38
Q

Subarachnoid space contains the ____________ and is continuous with the space around the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

39
Q

_________ protrude through the dura into the venous sinus

A

arachnoid granulations

40
Q

The arachnoid granulations serve to ____ the circulating CSF into the ____

A

transfer

venous system

41
Q

Excess CSF is reabsorbed into the venous circulation via the _______

A

arachnoid granulations

42
Q

areas where the subarachnoid space enlarges are called

A

cisterns

43
Q

name the 4 cisterns

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern (aka..cisterna magna)- largest

Quadrigeminal cistern

Pontomedullary cistern

Interpeduncular cistern

44
Q

label the cisterns

A
45
Q

how many layers in the dura mater

A

2

  • outer periosteal
  • inner periosteal
46
Q

the outer periosteal dura and inner meningeal dura diverge to form _______ which collect and drain venous blood from the brain and surrounding areas

A

dural venous sinus

47
Q

the inner meningeal layer converges to form septa or _______ which serve to separate and support parts of the brain

A

dural partitions

48
Q

a vertical sickle-shaped septa that separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

49
Q

horizontal septa which separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

50
Q

common site of brain herniations

A

tentorial notch

51
Q

Large veins from the surface of the brain empty into these sinuses and venous blood eventually drains into the ______

A

internal jugular veins (IJV)

52
Q

dural venous sinus that lies on both sides of the pituitary gland

A

cavernous sinus

53
Q

these nerves traverse the cavernous sinus

A
  • Oculomotor (CN III)
  • Trochlear (CN IV)
  • Trigeminal divisions V1 and V2
  • Abducens nerve (CN VI)
54
Q

what artery traverses the cavernous sinus

A

internal carotid

55
Q

a life threatening infection in the cavernous sinus

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

56
Q

life threatening facial infection results when facial veins drain blood into the cavernous sinus and into the _______

A

danger triangle

57
Q

infections in the oral cavity (dental abscess) as well as sinus infections, can spread into the ________ via venous tributaries

A

cavernous sinus

58
Q

symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

Eye/orbital swelling (venous congestion)

Facial pain or numbness (along V1 & V2)

Dysfunctional eye movements (CN III, IV, & VI)

Meningitis

59
Q

a ‘potential’ space between the dura and the skull

A

Epidural Space-

60
Q

a ‘potential space’ between the dura and the arachnoid

A

Subdural Space-

61
Q

real space between the arachnoid and pia and contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and large cerebral vessels

A

Subarachnoid Space

62
Q

_________ are due to rupture of a meningeal artery

A

Epidural hematomas

63
Q

epidural hematoma on imaging studies

A

Classic biconvex “lens-like” appearance

64
Q

___________ are due to rupture of a cerebral veins or “bridging veins”

A

Subdural hematomas

65
Q

subdural hematomas on imaginge

A

Classic “crescent shaped” appearance on imaging studies

66
Q

onset of subdural hematomas

A

days to weeks, since venous system is less pressure

67
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage are often from ruptured aneurysms of_______

A

cerebral arteries

68
Q

onset of subarachnoid headache

A

sudden - described as worst headache of life, “thunderclap” headache

69
Q

presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear

A

Hemotympanum or hematotympanum

70
Q

battle sign

A

bruising over the mastoid process as a result of extravasation of blood - post auricular/mastoid ecchymosis

71
Q

“Raccoon Eyes”

A

Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis

72
Q

nAnterior fossa houses the

A

frontal lobes

73
Q

Middle fossa houses the

A

temporal lobes

74
Q

Posterior fossa houses the

A

pons/medulla & cerebellum

75
Q

______ houses and protects the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

76
Q

Foramina in the cranial cavity are for the passage of specific_______ and ____

A

cranial nerves and blood vessels

77
Q

cribriform plate of foramen houses

A

olfactory nerve CN I

78
Q

the optic canal foramen houses

A

Optic nerve (CN II) & ophthalmic artery

79
Q

the superior orbital fissure foramen houses

A

CNs III, IV, V1, VI & ophthalmic veins

80
Q

foramen rotundum houses

A

Maxillary division of Trigeminal V2

81
Q

foramen ovale houses

A

Mandibular division of Trigeminal V3

82
Q

Carotid canal houses

A

Internal carotid artery

83
Q

foramen spinosum foramen houses

A

Middle meningeal artery

84
Q

internal acoustic meatus houses

A

Facial (CN VII) & vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

85
Q

jugular foramen houses

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), & accessory (XI)

86
Q

hypoglossal canal houses

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

87
Q

The cranial dura mater is _____ and receives sensory innervation from several sources

A

highly innervated

88
Q

provides the majority of the sensory branches (called meningeal nerves) into the cranial cavity to innervate the dura mater

A

Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2 and V3)

89
Q

signs of skull base fractures

A

Raccoon Eyes, Hemotympanum, and Battle sign (post auricular/mastoid ecchymosis), and oto/rhinnorrhea

90
Q
A

Neuro (27 decks)

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