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Neuro > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

caudal part of the forebrain between the telencephalon and midbrain.

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

It consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and the subthalamus.

A

DIENCEPHALON

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3
Q

motor planning coordination

A

cerebellum

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4
Q

brainstem

A

vital automatic functions, such as breathing, circulation, sleeping, digestion, and swallowing - involuntary processes controlled by the ANS

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5
Q

The Nervous System begins formation during week ___ of ___ period

A

week 3 of embryonic period

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6
Q

formation of the early nervous system structures.

A

Neurulation

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7
Q

ectoderm creates

A

epidermis, nervous system, tooth enamel

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8
Q

mesoderm paraxial

A

forms somites = body segments

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9
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

genitourinary

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10
Q

lateral mesoderm creates

A

anterolateral body wall smooth muscle and connective tissue of viscera, heart and blood vessels.

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11
Q

endoderm creates

A

epithelium of GI, Respir.; liver and pancreas

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12
Q

Neurons ependymal cells ( line the ventricles and make CSF) oligodendroglia and astrocytes are formed from this germ layer

A

neuroectoderm

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13
Q

PNS neurons and Schwann cells come from this germ layer

A

neural crest cells

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14
Q

the microglial is formed by this germ layer

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

_______ is the process of folding of the neural plate into the neural tube that week three during development and continues through week _____

A

neurulation week 4

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16
Q

Neural crest forms part of the ________

A

PNS : ganglia (sensory and ANS)

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17
Q

The neural tube WALL is composed of

A

neuroepithelium

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18
Q

The neural tube LUMEN will become the ____ and ____

A

ventricles (brain) and centra canal (spinal cord)

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19
Q

3 layers of the neural tube lumen

A
  • ventricular - ependyma - glial cell lining of ventricles -intermediate - gray matter (neuron cell bodies) -marginal - white matter (axon clusters)
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20
Q

what does the embryonic midbrain become in development?

A

mesencephalon and then the midbrain/part of the brain stem

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21
Q

the pons develops from what

A

metencephalon

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22
Q

the cerebellum is derived from what embryonic brain region

A

metecephalon

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23
Q

medulla oblongata is derived from the embryonic

A

myelencephalon

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24
Q

3 layers/zones of neuroepethlium that develops from the neural tube:

A

ventricular, intermediate, marginal

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25
Q

the neural tube intermediate zone subdivides into ____ and ____ plates and becomes the ____ mater

A

alar basal gray matter

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26
Q

the alar plate becomes the __________ cranial nerve nuclei

A

sensory/afferent

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27
Q

the basal plate becomes the _______ cranial nerve nuclei

A

motor/efferent

28
Q

Spina bifida, The BONY defect involves the ________________

A

dorsal vertebral arch

29
Q

SB occulta presentation

A

tuft of hair, dimple)

30
Q

SB cystica presentation

A

herniating cyst

31
Q

Tubular cavitation of the spinal cord

A

syringomyelia

32
Q

presentation of syringomyelia

A

-Wasting and weakness of the hand and forearm muscles -Loss of arm reflexes

33
Q

age of consent of syringomyelia

A

2nd or 3rd decade of life

34
Q

syringomyelia is frequently associated with ______ in patients with idiopathic disease

A

Chiari type I

35
Q

Syringomyelia may also develop secondary to ________

A

tumor, trauma, meningitis, or hemorrhage

36
Q

The basic abnormality of NTD is a defect in the overlying _____.

A

bone (not a defect in the neural tissues)

37
Q

risk factors for neural tube defect

A

Maternal folic acid (B9) deficiency

38
Q

screening for neural tube defects

A

increase in α fetoprotein (maternal blood

39
Q

functional impairments of SB occulta

A

No functional impairments.

40
Q

functional impairments of SB cystica meningocele

A

Paralysis below the lesion. Bowel and urinary dysfunction +/- hydrocephalus

41
Q

types of SB cystica

A

Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Rachischisis

42
Q

Most common site for SB cystic is ______

A

lumbosacral

43
Q

most common type of SB cystica

A

Myelomeningocele

44
Q

Rachischsis often develops with _______.

A

anencephaly

45
Q

Cranial Neural Tube Defects (NTD) are called

A

Cranium bifidum

46
Q

the bony defect of cranium bifidum involves the _______

A

occipital bone

47
Q

if the defect is large in cranium bifidum, the ________ in the brain may herniate

A

meninges

48
Q

Most severe form of cranial NTD

A

Anencephaly = Meroanencephaly

49
Q

in anencephaly, the_______ does NOT fuse/close in Week 4.

A

Cranial neuropore No neural tube forms in cranial region. No cerebrum forms. No skull forms. No skin forms.

50
Q

All infants with_____ are stillborn or die soon after birth.

A

anencephaly

51
Q

gene affected in Holoprosencephaly

A

HPE2: Six3 homeobox gene HPE3: SHH gene HPE5: ZIC2 gene

52
Q

______ presents with midline facial defects that range from hypotelorism to cyclopia

A

Holoprosencephaly

53
Q

As a rule of thumb, the_____ predicts the brain.

A

face

54
Q

failure of separation of the forebrain into two cerebral hemispheres

A

holoprosencephaly

55
Q

__________ may develop in a child if she/he is exposed to high levels of alcohol in utero.

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

56
Q

If exposed during weeks when the brain is forming, _________ may develop in fetal alcohol syndrome

A

intellectual disability

57
Q

describe fetal alcohol syndrome

A

smooth philltrum, epicanthal folds, small eyes, flat face, thin upper lip

58
Q
A
59
Q

Herniation of a peg of cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum in the absence of an intracranial mass lesion or preceding hydrocephalus

A

chiari malformation I

60
Q

chiari malformation I is strongly associated with

A

syringomyelia

61
Q

•Combines herniation of cerebellar vermis with malformation and downward displacement of brain stem

A

chiari formation II

62
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Tubular cavitation of the spinal cord

63
Q

Almost always associated with lumbosacral myelomeningocele

A

chiari malformation II

64
Q

Accompanied by hydrocephalus at birth in >80% of cases

A

chiari malformation II

65
Q

dandy walker syndrome

A
  • Vermal agenesis
  • Cystically dilated fourth ventricle
  • Enlarged posterior fossa
  • Hydrocephalus
66
Q

the spinal cord ends in this region

A

L1-L2 region

67
Q

3.What other condition in present in >80% of cases with Chiari II?

A

hydrocephalus

Neuro (27 decks)

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