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embryology Flashcards

1
Q

caudal part of the forebrain between the telencephalon and midbrain.

A

diencephalon

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2
Q

It consists of the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus, and the subthalamus.

A

DIENCEPHALON

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3
Q

motor planning coordination

A

cerebellum

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4
Q

brainstem

A

vital automatic functions, such as breathing, circulation, sleeping, digestion, and swallowing - involuntary processes controlled by the ANS

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5
Q

The Nervous System begins formation during week ___ of ___ period

A

week 3 of embryonic period

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6
Q

formation of the early nervous system structures.

A

Neurulation

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7
Q

ectoderm creates

A

epidermis, nervous system, tooth enamel

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8
Q

mesoderm paraxial

A

forms somites = body segments

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9
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

genitourinary

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10
Q

lateral mesoderm creates

A

anterolateral body wall smooth muscle and connective tissue of viscera, heart and blood vessels.

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11
Q

endoderm creates

A

epithelium of GI, Respir.; liver and pancreas

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12
Q

Neurons ependymal cells ( line the ventricles and make CSF) oligodendroglia and astrocytes are formed from this germ layer

A

neuroectoderm

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13
Q

PNS neurons and Schwann cells come from this germ layer

A

neural crest cells

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14
Q

the microglial is formed by this germ layer

A

mesoderm

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15
Q

_______ is the process of folding of the neural plate into the neural tube that week three during development and continues through week _____

A

neurulation week 4

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16
Q

Neural crest forms part of the ________

A

PNS : ganglia (sensory and ANS)

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17
Q

The neural tube WALL is composed of

A

neuroepithelium

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18
Q

The neural tube LUMEN will become the ____ and ____

A

ventricles (brain) and centra canal (spinal cord)

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19
Q

3 layers of the neural tube lumen

A
  • ventricular - ependyma - glial cell lining of ventricles -intermediate - gray matter (neuron cell bodies) -marginal - white matter (axon clusters)
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20
Q

what does the embryonic midbrain become in development?

A

mesencephalon and then the midbrain/part of the brain stem

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21
Q

the pons develops from what

A

metencephalon

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22
Q

the cerebellum is derived from what embryonic brain region

A

metecephalon

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23
Q

medulla oblongata is derived from the embryonic

A

myelencephalon

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24
Q

3 layers/zones of neuroepethlium that develops from the neural tube:

A

ventricular, intermediate, marginal

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25
the neural tube intermediate zone subdivides into ____ and ____ plates and becomes the ____ mater
alar basal gray matter
26
the alar plate becomes the __________ cranial nerve nuclei
sensory/afferent
27
the basal plate becomes the _______ cranial nerve nuclei
motor/efferent
28
Spina bifida, The BONY defect involves the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
dorsal vertebral arch
29
SB occulta presentation
tuft of hair, dimple)
30
SB cystica presentation
herniating cyst
31
Tubular cavitation of the spinal cord
syringomyelia
32
presentation of syringomyelia
-Wasting and weakness of the hand and forearm muscles -Loss of arm reflexes
33
age of consent of syringomyelia
2nd or 3rd decade of life
34
syringomyelia is frequently associated with ______ in patients with idiopathic disease
Chiari type I
35
Syringomyelia may also develop secondary to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
tumor, trauma, meningitis, or hemorrhage
36
The basic abnormality of NTD is a defect in the overlying \_\_\_\_\_.
bone (not a defect in the neural tissues)
37
risk factors for neural tube defect
Maternal folic acid (B9) deficiency
38
screening for neural tube defects
increase in α fetoprotein (maternal blood
39
functional impairments of SB occulta
No functional impairments.
40
functional impairments of SB cystica meningocele
Paralysis below the lesion. Bowel and urinary dysfunction +/- hydrocephalus
41
types of SB cystica
Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Rachischisis
42
Most common site for SB cystic is \_\_\_\_\_\_
lumbosacral
43
most common type of SB cystica
Myelomeningocele
44
Rachischsis often develops with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
anencephaly
45
Cranial Neural Tube Defects (NTD) are called
Cranium bifidum
46
the bony defect of cranium bifidum involves the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
occipital bone
47
if the defect is large in cranium bifidum, the ________ in the brain may herniate
meninges
48
Most severe form of cranial NTD
Anencephaly = Meroanencephaly
49
in anencephaly, the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ does NOT fuse/close in Week 4.
Cranial neuropore No neural tube forms in cranial region. No cerebrum forms. No skull forms. No skin forms.
50
All infants with\_\_\_\_\_ are stillborn or die soon after birth.
anencephaly
51
gene affected in Holoprosencephaly
HPE2: Six3 homeobox gene HPE3: SHH gene HPE5: ZIC2 gene
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ presents with midline facial defects that range from hypotelorism to cyclopia
Holoprosencephaly
53
As a rule of thumb, the\_\_\_\_\_ predicts the brain.
face
54
failure of separation of the forebrain into two cerebral hemispheres
holoprosencephaly
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ may develop in a child if she/he is exposed to high levels of alcohol in utero.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
56
If exposed during weeks when the brain is forming, _________ may develop in fetal alcohol syndrome
intellectual disability
57
describe fetal alcohol syndrome
smooth philltrum, epicanthal folds, small eyes, flat face, thin upper lip
58
59
Herniation of a peg of cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum in the absence of an intracranial mass lesion or preceding hydrocephalus
chiari malformation I
60
chiari malformation I is strongly associated with
syringomyelia
61
•Combines herniation of cerebellar vermis with malformation and downward displacement of brain stem
chiari formation II
62
Syringomyelia
Tubular cavitation of the spinal cord
63
Almost always associated with lumbosacral myelomeningocele
chiari malformation II
64
Accompanied by hydrocephalus at birth in \>80% of cases
chiari malformation II
65
dandy walker syndrome
* Vermal agenesis * Cystically dilated fourth ventricle * Enlarged posterior fossa * Hydrocephalus
66
the spinal cord ends in this region
L1-L2 region
67
3.What other condition in present in \>80% of cases with Chiari II?
hydrocephalus

Neuro (27 decks)

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