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Neuro > Nervous Tissue and the nervous system histology > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue and the nervous system histology Flashcards

1
Q

the ____ component of the nervous system transmits electrical impulse to the CNS

A

sensory

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2
Q

the ___ component of the nervous system transmits impulses from the CNS to various structures of the body

A

motor

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3
Q

the motor component is divided into the ____ and _____ systems

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

nervous tissue contains these two types of cells

A

nerve cells/neurons and glial/neurological cells

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5
Q

these cells conduct electrical impulses

A

neurons/nerve cells

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6
Q

these cells support, nurture, and protect neurons

A

glial/neuroglial cells

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7
Q

a cell body and its processes, which are usually multiple dendrites and a single axon

A

neuron

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8
Q

type of neuron in some sense organs like the vestibulocochlear mechanism

A

bipolar

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9
Q

type of neuron in spinal and cranial sensory ganglia

A

pseudounipolar

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10
Q

multipolar neurons

A

motor neurons

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11
Q
A

unipolar or pseudounipolar

multipolar/motor

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12
Q

Sensory neurons

A

receive stimuli from the internal and external environments. They conduct impulses to the CNS for processing and analysis.

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

connect other neurons in a chain or sequence. They commonly connect sensory and motor neurons and also regulate signals transmitted to neurons.

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14
Q

Motor neurons

A

conduct impulses from the CNS to other neurons, muscle, and glands.

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15
Q

region of a neuron containing the nucleus, various cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions, and cytoskeletal components.

A

neuronal cell body

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16
Q

composed of polysomes and rER. They appear as clumps under light microscopy and are most abundant in large motor neurons.

A

Nissl bodies

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17
Q

receive stimuli (signals) from sensory cells, axons, or other neurons and convert these signals into small electrical impulses (action potentials) that are transmitted toward the soma.

A

dendrites

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18
Q

_____ on the surface of dendrites increase the area available for synapse formation with other neurons.

A

spines

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19
Q

conduct impulses away from the soma to the axon terminals without any diminution in their strength

A

axons

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20
Q

axons originate

A

axon hillock

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21
Q

specialized region of the soma that lacks rER, ribosomes, Golgi cisternae, and Nissl bodies but contains many microtubules and neurofilaments

A

axon hillock

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22
Q
A

cherry red spots on macula

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23
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

lysosomal storae disease where glycolipids (GM2 gangliosides) accumulate in the lysosomes of neurons

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24
Q

Tay Sachs is a deficiency of ____ and results in _____

A

the enzyme hexosaminidase A - so glycoplipds accumulate in the lysosomes

degenerative changes in the CNS

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25
Q

common age of death in Tay Sachs

demographic

A

age 4

european jewish descent

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26
Q

differential for cherry red spots on macula densa

A
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Niemann- Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation)
  • central renal artery occlusion
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27
Q

5 types of neuroglial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • schwann cells
  • ependymal cells
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28
Q

frequency of neuroglial cells to neurons

A

10:1

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29
Q

do the neuroglial cells conduct impulses?

A

no! they do not form synapses with other cells either

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30
Q

constitute 50% of intracranial tumors

A

neuroglial tumors

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31
Q

These tumors range in severity from slowly growing _______ to rapidly growing fatal ______.

A

benign oligodendrogliomas

malignant astrocytomas

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32
Q

_________ reside mostly in gray matter and have branched processes that envelope blood vessels, neurons, and synaptic areas

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

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33
Q

largest type of neuroglial cell

A

astrocytes

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34
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

scavenge ions/debris, supply energy for metabolism, contribute to the glia limitans, provide sturctural support, form scar tissue after CNS injury, covers axon at nodes of ranvier in CNS, contributes to blood brain barrier

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35
Q

the barrier between the pia mater and the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord

A

glia limitans - part of astrocytes

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36
Q

reside mostly in white matter and have long, slender processes with few branches

A

fibrous astrocytes

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37
Q

intermediate filaments of astrocytes contain this protein

A

GFAP glial fibrillar acidic protein

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38
Q

type of junctions in continuous somatic capillaries within the blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions with no fenestrations within cells

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39
Q

characteristics important for the blood brain barrier

A

protoplasmic astrocytes along with continuous/somatic capillaries - not fenestrated and tight junctions

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40
Q

necessary for the survival of neurons in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

41
Q

location of oligodendrocytes

A

both gray and white matter

42
Q

»Each oligodendrocyte produces myelin for ___ axons, although only one axon is shown in the diagram.

A

several

43
Q

microglial

A

small, phagocytic cells derived from mononuclear cells in bone marrow

44
Q

Activated microglial cells become antigen-presenting cells and secrete _______

A

cytokines

45
Q

Brains of patients with ___ and ___ possess large populations of microglial cells. Although these microglia do not attack neurons, they produce cytokines that are toxic to neurons.

A

AIDS and HIV-1

46
Q

cells that protect and insulate neurons in the PNS

A

schwann cells

47
Q

Form either unmyelinated or myelinated coverings over neurons

A

schwann cells

48
Q

Produce endoneurium (the connective tissue surrounding a neuron)

A

schwann cells

49
Q

a single schwann cell can insulate ___ a single axon

A

ONLY

50
Q

A myelin sheath consists of several Schwann cell _____ wrapped around a single axon.

A

plasmalemmae

51
Q

what are the blue wavy lines?

A

schwann cell nuclei

52
Q

Line the neural tube and ventricles of the brain

A

ependymal cells

53
Q

ependymal cells sometimes possess ___ in the brain to move CSF

A

cilia

54
Q

Modified ependymal cells contribute to the formation of the _____ which forms CSF in the ventricles.

A

choroid plexus

55
Q

myelin sheath is produced by ___ in CNS and ___ in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schawann cells in the PNS

56
Q

»Consists of several spiral layers of the plasma membrane of an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell wrapping around the axon

A

myelin sheath

57
Q

the myelin sheath is_______ along the length of the axon; is interrupted by gaps called nodes of Ranvier

A

not continuous

58
Q

Regions along the axon that lack myelin and represent discontinuities between adjacent Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

A

nodes of ranvier

59
Q

____ is a long, flexible protein, composed of an alpha–chain and a beta–chain, that forms tetramers and provides a scaffold for structural reinforcement.

A

spectrin

60
Q

during high speed car accidents or shaken baby syndrome, the sudden acceleration causes sheer damage to the axons at the interface between white and gray matter causing diffuse axonal injury. Exam displays irreparable cleavage of ____

A

spectrin

61
Q

»Multipolar neurons and pseudounipolar neurons in the somatic nervous system are _____ myelinated.

A

HEAVILY

62
Q

Preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system are ____ myelinated.

A

lightly

63
Q

motors for vesicle or organelle movement within the axon

A

kinesin and dynein

64
Q

Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system are typically (un)/myelinated.

A

unmyelinated

65
Q

connective tissue layers of nerves

A
  • epineurium
  • perineurium
  • endoneurium
66
Q

the layer of fibrous dense connective tissue (fascia) that forms the external coat of nerves

A

Epineurium

67
Q

surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers (fascicle). Its inner surface consists of layers of flattened cells joined by tight junctions that prohibit passage of macromolecules.

A

Perineurium

68
Q

the thin layer of reticular fibers, produced mainly by Schwann cells, that surrounds individual nerve fibers.

A

Endoneurium

69
Q

contain afferent fibers and carry sensory signals only from the internal/external environments to the CNS

A

sensory nerves

70
Q

contain efferent fibers and carry signals only from the CNS to effector organs

A

motor nerves

71
Q

the most common type of nerve, containing both afferent and efferent fibers and thus carry both sensory and motor signals.

A

mixed nerves

72
Q

ganglia

A

Encapsulated aggregations of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

73
Q

types of ganglia

A

autonomic and sensory

74
Q

motor ganglia in which axons of preganglionic neurons synapse on postganglionic neurons.

A

autonomic ganglia

75
Q

Cell bodies are irregular in shape, far apart from one another, and surrounded by only a few satellite cells (nourishing cells) to make room for synapses

A

autonomic ganglia

76
Q

Preganglionic fibers synapse with _____ postganglionic cell bodies in the ganglion

A

multipolar

77
Q

where are the autonomic parasympathetic ganglia

A

(1) Ciliary
(2) Pterygopalatine
(3) Otic
(4) Submandibular
(5) Ganglia near or within the walls of organs.

78
Q

where are the sympathetic autonomic ganglia

A

(1) Collateral or paravertebral ganglia, which are the numerous ganglia of the sympathetic chain
(2) Preaortic or prevertebral ganglia (e.g., celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, and inferior mesenteric ganglia).

79
Q

Unlike autonomic ganglia, sensory ganglia do not possess

A

synapses

80
Q

sensory ganglia cell bodies are ____ neurons

A

pseudounipolar neurons

81
Q

gray matter of brain

A

Contains neuronal cell bodies, many unmyelinated fibers, some myelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells

82
Q

white matter of brain

A

Contains mostly myelinated nerve fibers but also some unmyelinated nerve fibers and neuroglial cells

83
Q

Spinal cord _______ appears in the shape of an H in cross sections of the spinal cord

A

gray matter

84
Q

A small central canal, lined by ____ cells, is at the center of the crossbar in the H in the cross section of the spinal cord

A

ependymal

85
Q

how many layers of cerebral cortex

A

6

  • molecular
  • external granular layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal grandular layer
  • internal pyramidal lyaer
  • multiform layer
86
Q

label the layers

A
87
Q

description of alzheimers

A

Characterized by loss of neurons and synapses mainly within the cerebral cortex followed by atrophy of the individual cerebral lobes

88
Q

in alzheimers, nPatients develop_____and____ that render the neurons nonfunctional.

A

β–amyloid plaques

and

neurofibrillary tangles

89
Q

_____disease is caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons from the ______

A

parkinson

substantia nigra

90
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons are ______

A

Pick bodies

91
Q

Pick disease characteristics

A

progressive dementia, changes in personality

92
Q
A

Circular groupings of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils are Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma).

93
Q

3 layers of cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer

purkinje cell layer

granular layer

94
Q

A ____ has a cell body that is bulbous with one or two large primary dendrites branching very extensively (“arborized”) into the outer molecular layer and a single myelinated axon on the opposite side of the cell body.

A

purkinje cell

95
Q

Negri bodies of rabies

A

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of cerebellar and hippocampal neurons

96
Q

neuronal cell death may be followed by proliferation of _____

A

neuroglia, which fills in areas left by dead neurons

97
Q

Degeneration of a distal axonal segment (anterograde changes).

A

The axon and its myelin sheath, which are separated from the cell body, degenerate completely (wallerian degeneration), and the remnants are removed by macrophages. Schwann cells proliferate, forming a solid cellular column that is distal to the injury and that remains attached to the effector cell.

98
Q

Regeneration of proximal axonal segment (retrograde changes).

A

The distal end, closest to the wound, initially degenerates, and the remnants are removed by macrophages. Growth at the distal end then begins (0.5 to 3 mm/day) and progresses toward the column of Schwann cells. Regeneration is successful if the sprouting axon penetrates a Schwann cell column and reestablishes contact with the effector cell.

99
Q

Transection of peripheral axons

A

induces changes in the cell body, including chromatolysis (disruption of Nissl bodies with a concomitant loss of cytoplasmic basophilia), increase in cell body volume, and movement of the nucleus to a peripheral position.

Neuro (27 decks)

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