Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3102 Psychopathology > Neurocognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Dementia?

A

Gradual deterioration of brain functioning - loss of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Delirium?

A

Confused state associated with reduced ability to maintain and shift attention. Result of medical problems.

  • Rapid onset and worse at night
  • Sleep/wake cycle disturbed
  • Perceptual disturbances (hallucinations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cognitive functions are affects by Neurocognitive Disorders?

A
  • Perception and attention
  • Memory
  • Reasoning adn decision-making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is difference between the onset of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is sudden onset while Dementia is slow (months to years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is difference between the course of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is fluctuations while Dementia is stable with general decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is difference between the duration of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is brief while Dementia is long/lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is difference between the hallucinations of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is visual/tactile/vivid while Dementia rare in early stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is difference between the insights of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is lucid intervals while Dementia is consistently poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is difference between the sleep of Delirium and Dementia?

A

Delirium is disturbed while Dementia is less disturbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Major Cognitive Disorder?

A

Dementia - must exhibit substantial cognitive decline that interferes with independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Minor Cognitive Disorder?

A

Must exhibit modest cognitive decline that does not interfere with independence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common Neurocognitive Disorder?

A

Alzeimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Alzeimers diagnosed?

A

By exclusion - autopsy only true diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What age does onset occur for Alzeimers?

A

40 to 90yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the neurocognitive symptoms of Alzeimers?

A
  • Forget name and familiar objects (early Stages)
  • Intellectual and motor function disappear (later stages)
  • Consistent course of heterogeneous presentation
  • Memory and Learning: Retrograde and anterograde amnesia, retrospective and prospective memory, episodic and semantic memory.
  • Verbal Communication: Aphasia and apraxia
  • Perception - Agnosia, Anosognosia
  • Personality and social behaviour: apathy, poor self care, agitation, change in personality (paranoia, negativity), Sundowner Syndrome
  • Executive dysfunction
  • Judgement
  • Motor Behaviour - muscular rigidity, agitation, dyskinesia
  • Psychotic disturbances - usually persecutory and theft (later stages)
  • Bereavement - frozen grief (forgets loved ones are dead)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Loss/impairment in language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Unable to do tasks in response to verbal commands

18
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Perception without meaning ie can not tell comb by word, but can by touching

19
Q

What is Anosognosia?

A

not aware of disease

20
Q

What is Sundowner Syndrome?

A

Symptoms worse at night

21
Q

What is dyskinesia?

A

Involuntary muscle movement

22
Q

What is the neuropathology of Alzeimers?

A
  • Beta amyloid plaques create brain sludge
  • Neurofibrillary tangles - Tau maintains structural integrity of microtubals within neurons. Tau loses capacity or bind, so proteins tange, microtuble disintegrates causing neuron death.
23
Q

What are the stages of Alzeimers?

A

Preclinical, Mild, Moderately severe, Severe

24
Q

Define the Preclinical stage of Alzeimers?

A

Prior to diagnosis - brain changes but no symptoms

25
Q

Define the Mild stage of Alzeimers?

A

Increased plaques/tangles, increased memory problems, increased difficulties with instrumental activities of daily living, subtle personality changes

26
Q

Define the Moderately severe stage of Alzeimers?

A

Increased neuropathology, difficulty with basic everyday tasks, motor co-ordination, difficulties, agitation/anger, psychosis, more intense supervision necessary

27
Q

Define the severe stage of Alzeimers?

A

Plaques and tangles are widespread, complete dependence, seizures, death, aspiration and pnemonia

28
Q

What are the criteria for Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder?

A
  • Dementia associates with atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes
  • Memory unaffected in early stages. Changes in personality/behaviour and emotion
  • Semantic/Temporal variant decline in language ability
29
Q

What is Neurocognitive Disorder with Lewy Bodies (2nd most common)?

A
  • Rounded deposits found in nerve cells (brainstem of Parkinsons)
  • Recurrent and detailed visual hallucinations, Parkinson features and more rapid progression
30
Q

What is Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder (Equal to Lewy bodies in occurance)?

A
  • Dementia associated with problems of circulation of blood to the brain.
  • Rapid onset
  • Must have cognitive disorder and clinical stroke or brain vascular disease by imaging
31
Q

What is multifart?

A

Lots of little strokes - gradual onset

32
Q

What is Neurocognitive Disorder due to Brain Injury?

A

Disorder as a result of glascocoma scale, post traumatic amnesia and loss of consciousness

33
Q

What is Neurocognitive Disorder due to Huntington’s Disease (rare)?

A
  • Relatively early onset (mid 40’s) due to autosomal dominant genetic disorder
  • Gradual destruction of neurons especially basal ganglia
  • Movement disorder, emotional changes, cognitive impairments
34
Q

What is Neurocognitive Disorder due to Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Degeneration of specific area of brain stem (Reduced production of dopamine)
  • Physical symptoms - tremors, rigidity, postural abnormalities
  • Must be diagnosed with Parkinsons first
35
Q

What is the frequency of Nuerocognitive Disorder in 65-69 year olds?

A

1%

36
Q

What is the frequency of Nuerocognitive Disorder in 90+ year olds?

A

40%

37
Q

What is the frequency of Nuerocognitive Disorder in 75-79 year olds?

A

6%

38
Q

What is the aeitiology of Delirium?

A
  • Involves neuropathology and neurochemistry
  • Medication - psychicatric drugs, heart condition, pain killers, stimulants
  • Medical conditions including infections
39
Q

What is the aeitiology of Neurocognitive Disorders?

A
  • Genetics: Apolipoprotein E allele e-2 (reduced chance), e-3 (50/50), e-4 (increased chance)
  • Lifestyle: Diet (vascular illness), risk taking (head injury, HIV)
  • Age
  • Neurotransmitters: eg Parkinsons - degeneration of dopamine pathways, Huntingtons - deficiences in GAMA
  • Viral infections eg Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Immune system dysfunction - based on presence of net-amyloid at the core of the amyloid plaques
  • Environmental Factors: Head injuries (WWII vets with head injuries had increased chance of alzeimers)
40
Q

What is Dementia Pugilistica?

A

Regular punching to the head resulting in increase chance of alzeimers

41
Q

How to protect against Neurocognitive Disorders?

A

Intellectual changes
Bilinguilism
BUT more educated decline faster

42
Q

How are Neurocognitive disorders treated?

A
  • Medication: Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter involved in memory), Donepezil - only effective for 6 to 9
    months
  • Environmental and behavioural management:- structured and predictable schedule, helped to remain active and interested in everyday events, Directions adjusted to level of functioning
  • Support for caregivers - profound loneliness and sadness, learning to cope with tangible stressors, guilt frustration and depression

PSYC3102 Psychopathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions