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PSYC3102 Psychopathology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define the relativist view of concepts of abnormality

A

Symptoms and causes vary across cultures.

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2
Q

Define the absolutist view of concepts of abnormality

A

Disorder caused by some biological factors

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3
Q

4 parts of DSM-V

A

Clinical presentation
Developmental Stage
Eitiology (causes)
Functional impairment

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4
Q

What is drapetomonia?

A

Black slaves attempting to escape

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5
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population

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6
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in population in a time frame

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7
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of active cases in a population within a time frame

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8
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

More than one condition existing simultaneously

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9
Q

History of Psychopathology: Ancient world?

A

Hippocrates - Mania, Melancholia Phrenitis (brain fever). All caused an imbalance in fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

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10
Q

History of Psychopathology: Middle Ages?

A

Mental health the result of supernatural forces eg witches, devils

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11
Q

History of Psychopathology: Renaissance?

A

Paracelsus: stars and planets affected the brain
Weyer: First to specialise in treatment. London’s Bethlehem Hospital (bedlam) established and treatment included confinement, torture and medical (blood letting)

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12
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century Pinel?

A 
Classification system:
Melancholia
Mania
Mania with delirium
Dementia
Idiotism
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13
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century Kraepelin?

A 
Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia)
Manic Depression with psychosis
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14
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century syphilis

A

Discover of biological causes

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15
Q

History of Psychopathology: 19th century somatic treatments

A

1920’s/1930’s:
Fever therapy - injecting with malaria blood
Insulin coma - insulin injected to induce coma
Labotomy - severed frontal lobe

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16
Q

History of Psychopathology: psychoanalytic revolution

A

Mesmer: identified and treated hysteria with hypnosis
Breuer: Hypnosis and catharsis (talking)
Freud: Free association (no hypnosis)

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17
Q

History of Psychopathology: Biopsychosocial

A

Combines biological, psychological, social and environmental factors eg diathesis - stress framework

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18
Q

What is a symptom?

A

Manifestation of a pathological condition usually subjective

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19
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

A group of symptoms that constitute a condition

20
Q

Describe the Rosenhan experiment

A
  1. 8 pseudopatients faked symptoms and were not released for up to 6 months.
  2. Of 193 patients presented, 41 declared pseudo but none were.
21
Q

Types of assessment

A

Projective: Rorsenach Test (inkblots), Thematic Apperception Tests (link pictures)
Personality Inventories: Minnesota MMPT (500 items), California Psych Inventory, Eysenck Personality
IQ
Neurological: Catscan
Behavioural: Observational
Self-report
Physiological: skin conductance, blood pressure

22
Q

Biomedical Model: Genetics as aetiology

A
  1. Pedigree model: family history
  2. The classical twin study: If MZ>DZ genetic. If MZ=DZ then environmental
  3. Adoption studies
  4. Molecular genetics: studies of candidate genes (common alleles) and genome wide association stidies
23
Q

Biomedical Model: Biochemistry as aeitilogy

A
  1. Serotonin - regulates behaviour, mood and thought. Reduced serotonin leads to aggression, suicide, impulse overeating and hyper sexual behaviour. Drug: Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin specific uptake inhibitors eg prozac
  2. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GAMA) - inhibits behaviours and emotions, reduced overall arousal. Drug:Benzodiazepines cause increased attachment of GABA to receptors.
  3. Noradrenalin - secreted by adrenal glans and circulates in CNS: Hindbrain controls basic bodily functions eg respiration ad activates alarm response
  4. Dopamine - merge and cross with seratonin circuits relaying messge to control movements and thought processes eg in Parkinsons dopamine cells are damaged
24
Q

What does serotonin affect?

A

Regulates behaviour, mood and thought

25
Q

What does reduced serotonin cause?

A

aggression, suicide, impulse overeating and hyper sexual behaviour.

26
Q

What drugs affect serotonin?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin specific uptake inhibitors eg prozac

27
Q

What does GAMA affect?

A

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GAMA) - inhibits behaviours and emotions, reduced overall arousal.

28
Q

What drugs affect GAMA?

A

Benzodiazepines cause increased attachment of GABA to receptors.

29
Q

What does Noradrenalin affect?

A

Secreted by adrenal glans and circulates in CNS: Hindbrain controls basic bodily functions eg respiration ad activates alarm response

30
Q

What does Dopamine affect ?

A

Dopamine - merge and cross with seratonin circuits relaying messge to control movements and thought processes eg in Parkinsons dopamine cells are damaged

31
Q

Biomedical Model: Neuroanatamy as aetiology

A

Hindbrain: bodily functions in sustaining life and sleep regulation
Midbrain: Regulation of motor activities (fighting and sex) and sleep
Forebrain: Sensory emotional and cognitive functioning and limbic system

32
Q

Biomedical Model: Endocrine system as aetiology

A

Organs produce hormones to regulate physiological processes and coordinate internal process with external events. Prolonged stress caused dysfunction.
HYPAC Axis: hypothalamus and endocrine interact to control stress reactions.
Pituitary gland: Increase in adrenaline or cortisol (stress hormone).

33
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Model formation

A

Traumatic experience leads to defense mechanisms and symptoms

34
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Model treatment

A

Free association leads to recovery of material and awareness and interpretation.

35
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Oral stage including year, cause and symptoms

A

0 - 1.5 years
Mouth
Deprivation and force feeding
Leads to smoking and aggression

36
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Anal stage including year, cause and symptoms

A

1 to 3 years
Anus - feces
Too harsh or too lax toilet training
Leads to obsessiveness, tidiness and meanness

37
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Phalic stage including year, cause and symptoms

A

2 to 6 years
Penis - masturbation
Abnormal family set up
Leads to vanity, sexual anxiety, envy

38
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Latent stage including year, cause and symptoms

A

5 to 12 years

No sexual motivation

39
Q

Describe Psychodynamic Genital stage including year, cause and symptoms

A

11 to 20 years

Penis and vagina intercourse

40
Q

According to Psychodynamic what are the 3 parts of personality

A
  1. ID: Motivated by biological needs
  2. EGO: Motivated by reality - keeps us safe
  3. SUPEREGO: conscience (right from wrong) and ego ideal is the perfect view of ourselves
41
Q

Who are Neo Fruedians and beliefs

A

Jung: Less biological needs, but spiritual
Erikson: children and development is a result of us being social beings and interaction

42
Q

Describe Humanistic Model

A

Carl Rogers developed client centres therapy based on Acceptance, Congruence and Understanding. Abnormal behaviour is caused by a basic need for positive regard from significant others and without this we distress.

43
Q

Describe 3 Behavioural Models

A
  1. Classical conditioning: Pavlov - systematic desensitization, aversion therapy and exposure therapy.
  2. Operant conditioning: Skinner - positive reinforcement, extinctions, token economies, behavioural activation, reengagement with rewards.
  3. Observational learning: Bandura - social skills training (role play).
44
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

Event->Belief->Consequence
Ellis 10 irrational beliefs “I must be loved by everyone”
Beck’s Automatic Negative Thoughts eg arbitrary inference and overgeneralising

45
Q

What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy?

A

Goal psychological flexibility, functional contextualism, relational frame theory, Post sknnerian contextual theory.

46
Q

Describe Diathese-Stress Model

A

Diathese: Genes, Biological characteristics and psychological traits.
Stressors: Environmental trauma, economic adversity, loss of loved ones, harsh family background
Results in mental disorders.

PSYC3102 Psychopathology (12 decks)

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