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Neuro Round 2 wk 1 > Neurochemical Pathways - NT > Flashcards

Neurochemical Pathways - NT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sources of acetylcholine to be used as a NT in the brain?

A
  1. Nucleus basalis of Meynert
  2. Medial septal nucleus and nucleus of diagonal band of Broca
  3. Pedunculo-pontine Tegmental Nuc/LateroDorsal Tegmental Nucleus (PPT/LDT)
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2
Q

Where do cholinergic neurons from the Nucleus basalis project to and for what purpose?

What receptor predominates?

A

to neocortex for conscious perception and cognition

m1

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3
Q

Where do the cholinergic neurons of the middle septal nuclei and DBB project to?

Function?

receptor?

A

to hippocampus

for learning

m1,3,4

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4
Q

Where do the cholinergic neurons of PPT/LDT project to?

function?

receptor?

A

to spinal cord and thalamus, then on to cortex

cortical activity during REM- PGO waves while dreaming

m1,3,4

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5
Q

Degeneration in the neurons of NBM will cause…

A

dementia/alzheimers

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6
Q

Damage to the PPT/LDT or its projections will cause what?

A

REM sleep disorders

  • dreamless sleep
  • loss of muscle atonia
  • acting out dreams
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7
Q

What nucleus is the source of Histamine?

A

TuberoMammillary Nucleus (TMN)

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8
Q

Cells in the TMN are mainly active during…

Which receptor is an auto-receptor for Neg FB mechanism?

A

wakefulness

H3 (pre-synaptic)

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9
Q

From the TMN where do histamine neurons project to?

A
  • highest density to HT (H1)
  • to cerebral cortex and cholinergic nuclei (H1)
  • to thalamus (H1 and H2)
  • to hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, cerebellum
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10
Q

What is the function of histaminergic neurons? How do they activate this?

A

calm wakefulness

  • direct mechanism by activating
    • H1 and H2 in thalamus
    • H1 in cortex
  • indirect mechanism by activating
    • H1 of cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain
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11
Q

What will hypoactivation of histaminergic projections cause?

A

increased sleep

obesity bc histamine can no longer suppress appetite

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12
Q

hyperactivation of histaminergic neurons will cause what?

A

inability to sleep, night terrors

abnormally high during brain tumors and psychosis

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13
Q

Where are the majority of muscarinic ACh receptors located?

A

brainstem

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14
Q

What amino acid is dopamine transformed from?

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

What are the two dopaminergic nuclei?

What do these regions do?

A
  • Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
    • motivation, reward mechanism
  • Substantia Nigra
    • motor control
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16
Q

Which dopamine receptors are excitatory and which are inhibitory?

A

excitatory - D1 and D5

inhibitory D2, D3, and D4

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17
Q

D3 and D5 receptors are mostly where?

A

hypothalamus

18
Q

D1 and D2 receptors are mostly where?

A

corpus striatum

19
Q

What kind of dopamine receptors are found in the pituitary?

A

D2

20
Q

What are the four dopaminergic projections from the VTA/Substantia Nigra?

A
  • mesocortical
  • mesolimbic
  • mesostriatal
  • tuberoinfundibular
21
Q

The Mesocortical projection from the VTA with dopaminergic neurons goes to where is responsible for what?

Hypofunction of the mesocortical projection pathway will result in what?

A

to prefrontal cortex

cognition and executive functions

negative ssx of Schizophrenia

22
Q

The Mesolimbic projection of dopaminergic neurons from the VTA go to…

driving…

Hyperactivation of this will cause…

A

limbic system, nucleus accumbens

motivation, reward; pleasure and addiction center

positive ssx of Schizophrenia

23
Q

The Mesostriatal projection of dopaminergic neurons from the SNc goes to …

and is called the…

This playes a key role in…

dysfunction here will cause…

A

caudate and putamen of striatum

Nigro-striatal pathway

motor control/coordination of body movements

motor ssx of PD

24
Q

Where is the tuberoinfundibular projection of dopaminergic neurons?

What do they do?

What happens if there is damage here?

A

from hypothalamus to ant pituitary

TIDA neurons regulate prolactin secretion; D2 on lactotrops gets activated and tonically inhibits prolactin secretion

hyperprolactinemia

25
Q

What are two drugs that are D2 agonists that can work in the pituitary?

A

bromocriptine and cabergoline

26
Q

What is the nuclei sending out NE? What does it look like?

What are NE targets?

A

Locus Coeruleus

blue spot in unstained brain: neuromelanin with NE

alpha 1 and beta 1 are excitatory

alpha 2 is inhibitory

27
Q

Where are the noradrenergic projections going to?

What do they each do?

A
  • cortex and thalamus
    • attention, focus, alertness
  • limbic system - amygdala
    • fear, anxiety
  • hypothalamus
    • NE inhibits VLPO via alpha 2
  • cerebellum
    • motor learning
28
Q

Hyperarousal of NE projections will cause

A

mania

stress

PTSD

anxiety disorders

29
Q

Hypoarousal of NE projections will cause

A

ADHD

clinical depression

30
Q

Serotonergic nuclei in the brain stem are…

This is important for …

A

Raphe nuclei (specifically Dorsal RN and Median RN)

sleep, mood, appetite

31
Q

Where do serotonergic projections from Raphe Nuclei go and for what purpose?

A
  • from dorsal RN to cortex and basal ganglia
    • wake-sleep cycle
  • from median RN to hipoocampus, HT, pituitary, and limbic system
32
Q

hyperactivation of serotonergic projections will cause

A

decreased libido

sleep disturbances

33
Q

decreased serotonergic projections in the amygdala leads to…

in the HT it leads to …

in the pituitary gland it leads to…

A
  • amygdala
    • sadness
  • HT
    • appetite changes (anorexia or hyperphagia)
  • pituitary gland
    • hormonal imbalance including menstrual irregularities, sleep disturbance
34
Q

The overall result of decreased serotonergic projections is…

The first line to tx of depression is…

pts with serotonin-NE deficiency will take…

A

depression

SSRI

SNRI

35
Q

In depression, what is the change in serotonin receptors that we can see in the brain?

A

pre-frontal cortex has decreased 5-HT1

entire mid sagittal section has decreased 5-HT2

36
Q

Where are the orexinergic nuclei and what do they do?

A

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

orexin/hypocretin - wake-sleep stabilizing NT

stabilizes wakefulness

37
Q

Orexinergic projections from the LH go throughout the brain, but primarily to…

A

HT: TMN, VLPO, SCN

cerebral cortex

Locus coeruluous and raphe nuclei

38
Q

decreased orexinergic projections result in…

A

narcolepsy

narcolepsy-cataplexy

primary hypersomnia

39
Q

Where are GABAnergic nuclei located and what does it do?

A

VLPO - sleep-switch of the brain

damage results in insomnia

40
Q

GABAnergic axons project from VLPO to…

A

TMN

LH

PPT/LDT

RN

LC

41
Q

How does etoh interact with neurochemical pathways?

A
  1. inhibits glutamate receptor
    1. NMDA - slurred speech, memory disruption
  2. release NE - acts as stimulant
  3. enhance GABA effect - sedative
  4. indirect effect on DA path
    1. excitement, pleasure, addiction

Neuro Round 2 wk 1 (15 decks)

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