Anatomical Basis of Aphasia

Question 1

What are the obscuring layers of the cortex that cover the insula called and what lobes make this up?

Answer 1

operculum

• superior portion of temporal
• caudolateral portion of frontal
• rostral portion of parietal

Question 2

What is it suggested that the insula functions are?

Answer 2

memory, consciousness, self-awareness, and cognition

Question 3

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical location?

Function?

Answer 3

• Brodmann’s area: caudal portion of 22
• Wernicke’s Area
• caudal portion of superior temporal gyrus
• function: understanding of writen and spoken language

Question 4

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 4

• 22, 41, 42
• Primary Auditory cortex
• middle portion of superior temporal gyrus
• perception, awareness, localization of sound

Question 5

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 5

• 38
• Emotional Cortex
• temporal pole
• linking perceptrual inputs to visceral emotions

Question 6

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 6

• 20, 21, 37
• Visual Association Cortex
• majority of middle and inferior temporal gyri
• object recognition (meaning) to visual perceptions, visual memory

Question 7

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 7

• 17, 18, 19
• Primary Visual Cortex
• occipital lobe and pole
• perception, awareness, localization, and memory of visual stimuli

Question 8

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 8

• 1, 2, 3, 40
• Somatosensory cortex
• post-central gyrus and supramarginal gyrus
• perception and localization of cutaneous stimuli, somatic assocation (40) includes somatic memory and recognition

Question 9

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 9

• 5, 7, 39
• Visual association and sensory integration cortex
• most of parietal lobe caudal to postcentral gyrus
• includes visual recognition of motion, and the integration of somatosensory, acoustic, and visual information

Question 10

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 10

• 4, 6, 8, 9
• Motor cortex
• precentral gyrus and caudal portions of superior and middle frontal gyri
• all portions of motor activation including planning

Question 11

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 11

• 44, 45
• Brocca’s Area
• middle of the inferior frontal gyrus
• speech production

Question 12

Brodmann’s area?

Other name?

Physical Location?

Function?

Answer 12

• 10, 11, 46, 47
• Cognitive cortex
• frontal pole and cranial parts of inferior, middle, and superior frontal gyri
• effective behavior, cognition, attention, self-control

Question 13

The olfactory cortex is what Brodmann’s Area? Where is its location?

Answer 13

34

entorhinal cortex

Question 14

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) is the main termination site for neurons from where?

S1 responds almost exclusively to …

Answer 14

VPL and VPN neurons

somatosensory stimuli

Question 15

electrical stimulation of S1 produces…

Answer 15

tactile sensation

Question 16

What are the four parallel zones of the primary somatosensory cortex? What do they receive input from and what do they do?

Answer 16

• 3A - proprioceptive input from muscle afferents
• 3B - tactile input from touch afferents
• 1 - input from 3B, decodes RA signals into texture
• 2 - input from 3A, decodes SA signals into size and shape

Question 17

Stereognosis is the combination of information from where?

Answer 17

zones 1 and 2 of the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 18

What are the three main outputs from S1?

Answer 18

1. secondary somatosensory cortex (S2)
2. somatosensory association center
3. motor cortex

Question 19

What is located in the parietal portion of the operculum?

Answer 19

S2, secondary somatosensory region

Question 20

Where does S2 project to?

Answer 20

to mainly the insula, corpus striatum, and somatosensory association regions

Question 21

What is the function of S2?

Answer 21

memory and tactile learning

Question 22

Where is the somatosensory association center?

Where does it receive information from?

Answer 22

Brodmann’s area 5 and 7

superior parietal lobule

info from S1 and S2 regions

Question 23

What demarcates the inferior surface of the somatosensory assocation region?

What integration occurs here and what is the result?

Answer 23

intraparietal sulcus

integrates tactile, visual, and auditory input

resulting in directed response toward objects

Question 24

What is the distinct flow of neuronal activity through S1 to Primary motor?

Answer 24

S1 - S2 - Sensory association - premotor - primary motor

Question 25

What are the three regions in the brain that are directly associated with aphasia?

Answer 25

Wernickes

Broccas

Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 26

Damage to what area causes difficulties understanding or generating language (oral, written, or both)?

Answer 26

wernickes

Question 27

What area is damaged if a pt has difficulty formulating strings of words but is still able to write?

Answer 27

Broca’s area

Question 28

What courses along the inferior frontal and parietal lobes, connecting Wernickes and Brocas areas?

What does damage to this area present as?

Answer 28

Arcuate Fasciculus

pt can understand written or spoken words and can speak… chosen words have no relation to the context/language presented to the pt