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Neuro Round 2 wk 1 > Anatomical Basis of EEG > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis of EEG Flashcards

1
Q

What are the electrical fields recorded during an EEG?

These are a (higher/lower) voltage than an AP, but they have a longer …. and cover a ….. area of neuronal membrane. Unlike an AP, these are … and not propagative.

A

Post-synaptic potentials

lower

duration

larger

static

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2
Q

The presence of an AP will create what two things?

A
  • sink (area ions flow toward) - greater negative charge
  • source (area ions flow from) - greater positive charge
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3
Q

An excitatoty synapse increased the relative (positive/negative) charge outside of the neuron. In this way, the synapse becomes a … while neuronal membrane becomes a …

A

negative

sink

source

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4
Q

An inhibitory synapse creates a relative (positive/negative) charge outside of the neuron. In this way the synapse becomes a … while the surrounding area is a ….

A

positive

source

sink

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5
Q

How is a dipole formed?

A

source to sink flow on the surface is mirrored in the reverse direction on the internal side, creating a ‘circular’ voltage flow

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6
Q

In order for dipoles to appear on the EEG, they must be…

A

simultaneous (additive)

occur in same polarity and close proximity to one another

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7
Q

dipole fields with mixed polarities are…

A

closed fields

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8
Q

large numbers of neurons densely packed together with nearly identical orientation will create …

A

open fields

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9
Q

What kind of field is required to create an EEG wave?

A

Open Field

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10
Q

What are the dendrites around the perikaryon called?

A

basal dendrites

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11
Q

Apical dendrites extend which way from the perikaryon?

A

superficially

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12
Q

a fiber projecting from the cerebral cortex to a neuron located “below” the cortex is called..

A

corticofugal fibers

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13
Q

Pyramidal neurons form the …. of the cerebral cortex and the majority of …

A

“output” - descending

interconnections within the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Axons of pyramidal neurons form a major component of the …

A

Internal capsule

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15
Q

Pyramidal neurons forming Upper Motor Neurons are aka…

A

Giant Cells of Betz

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16
Q

What part of the pyramidal neurons is conducive for forming a strong dipole? Because of this, the pyramidal neurons form a …

A

distance between apical and basal dendrites

natural open dipole field

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17
Q

The cerebral cortex is organized into functional units called…

All the neurons in this seem to be activated at roughly the same time, leading to …

A

cortical columns

inhibition of surrounding cortical columns

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18
Q

What links the cortical columns together?

A

pyramidal axons

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19
Q

Lamina 1 of the cerebral cortex

A
  • low density of cells
  • synaptic center
  • most input from matrix (M) cells of the thalamus
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20
Q

Lamina 2 and 3 of the cerebral cortex have…

A

pyramidal neurons projecting as association and commissural fibers

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21
Q

Lamina 4 of the cerebral cortex is the primary…

A

input center, some commissural fibers, but most arise from the core (C) cells of the thalamus

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22
Q

Lamina 5 of the cerebral cortex has the… pyramidal neurons and is the major…

A

largest

output layer for corticofugal fibers

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23
Q

What lamina layer forms most of the UMNs in the CNS?

A

Lamina 5

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24
Q

Lamina 6 of the cerebral cortex has pyramidal neurons projecting to…

A

thalamus and internal capsule

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25
Q

Lines of Gennari/Bands of Baillarger are in what lamina layers? What are they?

A

in Lamina IV and V

bands so prominent you can see with the naked eye

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26
Q

All individual voltage spikes recorded during a PSP from all the pyramidal neurons within a single cortical column create…

A

Local Field Potentials

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27
Q

When all local field potentials are recorded from the entire cerebral cortex, the trace is dubbed…

A

an EEG - electroencephalogram

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28
Q

What kind of EEG waves will appear when large scale neuronal interaction for motor or cognitive tasks is taking place?

A

gamma waves

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29
Q

from the anterior half of the brain, we will see what kind of wave form with motor function and concentrated thinking?

A

beta waves

30
Q

What kind of waves are recorded from the posterior half of the brain while ‘at rest’?

A

alpha waves

31
Q

What kind of waves are found in transition to and from sleep, and is characteristic of young children?

A

theta waves

32
Q

What waves are often seen in infants and are characteristic of adult sleep?

A

delta waves

33
Q

Rhythmicity indicates that most of the neurons in the sampling pool are responding in a …

This can be generated locally or can be driven by deeper cerebral structures. The primary source for rhythmicity is…

A

coordinated fashion

thalamus

34
Q

Association fibers are axons linking a cortical column to another cortical column within the same hemisphere. They make up a portion of the…

A

corona radiata

35
Q

What association fiber tract links the frontal and occipital lobes? It is the largest and longest group of association fibers.

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

36
Q

Most association fibers are located in what two laminar layers?

A

Lamina I and III

37
Q

What group of association fibers link the occipital and temporal lobes?

A

Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus

38
Q

What fibers are axons that link a cortical column in one cerebral hemisphere with a cortical column in another cerebral hemisphere?

A

commissural fibers

39
Q

Commissural fibers form the …, a thick band of axons located deep to the…

A

corpus callosum

medial longitudinal fissure

40
Q

The rostral portion of the corpus callosum is referred to as the … and is located superior to the … near the posterior end of the….

A

genu

optic chiasma

olfactory tract

41
Q

The caudal portion of the corpus callosum is the … and is located superior to the …

A

splenium

tectum of the MB

42
Q

The commissural fibers in certain areas of the corpus callosum are spatially organized as what?

A

genu - prefrontal

rostral body - premotor, supplementary motor

middle body - primary motor, somatic sensory

caudal body - posterior parietal

splenium - temporal and occipital

43
Q

The inferior surface of the corpus callosum supports a vertical drape of tissue, the …

A

septum pellucidum

44
Q

In addition to association and commissural fibers, the corona radiata is formed by axons from the …

A

internal capsule

45
Q

What are the three main groups of axons within the internal capsule?

A
  • thalamo-cortical tract
  • cortico-thalamic tract
  • corticofugal fibers (which synapse on non-thalamic centers)
46
Q

What is the anterior limb of the internal capsule bordered by?

A

medial by caudate, lateral by putamen and globus pallidus

47
Q

What tracts are within the anterior crus of the internal capsule?

A

corticopontine tract (from frontal lobe)

corticofugal fibers

anterior thalamic radiation (reciprocal connection b/t thalamic nuclei and neurons in the frontal lobe of the cortex)

48
Q

What are the borders of the genu of the internal capsule?

What tract is in the genu?

A

medially by 3v, and lateraly by putamen

corticonuclear (corticobulbar) tract and thalamic radiation (thalamic nuclei to precentral gyrus)

49
Q

What is the main path through the internal capsule for motor information?

A

through genu

50
Q

What borders the posterior crus of the internal capsule?

A

medially is thalamus, laterally is putamen and globus pallidus

51
Q

What tracts are within the posterior crus of the internal capsule?

A

corticopontine (from non-frontal) , corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, superior thalamic radiation

52
Q

What is the reciprocal connection between thalamic nuclei and neurons in the parietal lobe of teh cerebral cortex?

A

Superior Thalamic radiation

53
Q

Conduit for most somatosensory information throught the internal capsule is from…

A

Superior Thalamic radiation

54
Q

What tract courses inferior to the posterior crus of the internal capsule as part of the thalamic radiation? When it reaches the lateral surface of the globus pallidus, its name changes to what and goes where?

Where did this originate?

A

Sublenticular tract

Auditory radiation going to auditory cortex

Medial geniculate nucleus

55
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus gives rise to…. which courses posterior to the posterior crus, then projects caudally to the occipital lobe as the…

A

Retrolenticular tract

optic radiation

56
Q

The lateral surface of the thalamus is covered by the…

A

external medullary layer

57
Q

What is the vertical, Y shaped sheet of white matter, dividing the thalamus into anterior, medial and lateral groups called?

A

Internal medullary lamina

58
Q

Where does the anterior thalamic nucleus project to and what does it transmit?

A

to cingulate and hypothalamus

transmits emotion and memory

59
Q

Where does the dorsomedial nuc of thalamus project to and what does it transmit?

A

projects to prefrontal and hypothalamus

transmits sensory info for mood and motor planning

60
Q

Where does the dorsolateral nuc of thalamus project to and what does it tranmit?

A

to association areas

transmitting multisensory info

61
Q

Where does the ventral anterior nuc of thalamus project to and what does it transmit?

A

to premotor

transmits motor activity

62
Q

Where does the ventral lateral nuc of thalamus project to and what does it transmit?

A

to primary motor and pre motor

transmits motor activity, motor planning

63
Q

What does the VPL nuc project to and transmit?

A

to primary sensory

transmits pain, touch, body temp

64
Q

What does the VPM nuc project to and transmit?

A

to primary sensory

transmits pain, touch, temp, taste (head and face)

65
Q

Where does the medial geniculate project to and what does it transmit?

A

to primary auditory

transmits audition

66
Q

Where does the lateral geniculate project to and what does it transmit?

A

primary visual

transmits vision

67
Q

What does the intralaminar nuc of thalamus project to and what does it transmit?

A

thalamic nuclei

transmits arousal, pain

68
Q

Thalamus is a relay center to the cortex, but it also has numerous… that form feedback and feed forward controls

A

inhibitory interneurons

69
Q

What of the thalamus serves as a master regulatory center for the activity level of the thalamus as a whole?

A

Laminar nuclei

70
Q

Laminar nuclei are a major synaptic target of a diffuse body of neurons collectively termed…

A

Reticular formation

Neuro Round 2 wk 1 (15 decks)

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