Autonomics Review

Question 1

Parasympathetic NT used is

Answer 1

Acetylcholine

Question 2

What NT does the sympathetic nervous system use?

Answer 2

ACh, Epi, NE

Question 3

In the parasymp and symp NS, what are the lengths of the pre and post-g neurons?

Answer 3

• PNS
  
  • pre-g long
  • post-g short
• SNS
  
  • pre-g short
  • post-g long

Question 4

Where are sympathetic pre-g neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 4

interomedial column, between T1 -L3

lateral horn

rexed lamina VII

Question 5

How do sympathetic neurons exit the spinal cord?

Answer 5

• ventral root to spinal nerve to white ramus communicans
  
  • can synapse on paravertebral ganglion on same level
  • can ascend or descend via the sympathetic chain to synapse on paravertebral ganglion on different levels
  • can extand to synapse on prevertebral ganglion

Question 6

What are fibers extending to the prevertebral ganglion referred to as?

Answer 6

splanchnic nerves

Question 7

The second order neurons of the sympathetic ganglia, if prevertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain) what will they do?

Answer 7

extend superiorly as cervical ganglia and inferiorly as sacral ganglia

Question 8

In the sympathetic ganglia, second order neurons from paravertebral ganglia located along the midline in association with the aorta are named based on adjacent structures. What is one such modified prevertebral ganglia?

Answer 8

adrenal medulla

Question 9

What are sympathetic post-g basic circuits?

Answer 9

• paravertebral ganglia send post-g through grey ramus communicans, enter spinal nerve, then course through the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve
• preverterbral ganglia send post-g to form intermeshed plexi, typically on surface of organs/structures

Question 10

Where are parasympathetic pre-g neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 10

S2-S4 in the lateral horns of intermediolateral columns

Question 11

Parasympathetic pre-g neurons are in what cranial nuclei?

Answer 11

Edinger-Westphal

Inferior Salivatory

Superior Salivatory

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus

Nucleus Ambiguus

Question 12

What pathways do parasympathetic pre-g fibers follow?

Answer 12

• sacral spinal cord through associated nerves, exit via ventral rami, forming the pelvic splanchnic nerves
  
  • course with post-g sympathetic axons to form the Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
• pre-g neurons in the CN nuclei course within III, VII, IX, X

Question 13

What are some parasympathetic ganglions?

Answer 13

ciliary to short ciliary nerves

pterygopalatine to maxillary (V2)

submandibular to mandibular (V3)

otic to auriculotemporal nerve

Question 14

What are the three main regulatory centers for the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 14

limbic system

HT

reticular formation

Question 15

How does the Limbic system play a role in the ANS?

Answer 15

• cingulate cortex - SNS and PNS control
• insular cortex - activates via HT
• amygdala - integrates stress and fear responses

Question 16

What are the most important nuclei in the HT for playing a role in the parasympathetic regulation?

sympathetic?

Answer 16

Anterior and paraventricular regions of the HT -PNS

posterior and mid-anterior regions of the HT - SNS

Question 17

How does the RF have a role in the ANS?

Answer 17

role in visceral regulation acting via ANS

Question 18

What are the four main descedning autonomic tracts?

Answer 18

• mammillotegmental tract
  
  • HT to RF
• reticulospinal tract
  
  • RF to motor neurons in spinal cord
• dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)
  
  • HT to PAG, RF, spinal and brainstem motor neurons
• median forebrain bundle
  
  • limbic system to HT, then descends parallel to DLF

Question 19

In the sympathetic system, where does visceral pain usually course?

Answer 19

paravertebral ganglia, grey ramus communicans, dorsal root, then synapse on substantia gelatinosa

Question 20

In the parasympathetic system, where does the visceral pain stimuli course?

Answer 20

either the vagus or substantia gelatinosa of S2-S4 spinal nerves

Question 21

How does referred pain occur?

Answer 21

visceral pain comes up and synapses in the somatotopically organized substantia gelatinose