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Psychiatry > Neurobiology of Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Neurobiology of Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What do appetitive/approach systems do?

A

Mediate seeking and approach behaviours (incl. pleasure).

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2
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in approach behaviours?

A
  • ascending dopamine systems – mesolimbic/corIcal projecIon
  • ventral striatum
  • dorsal striatum (movement)
  • amygdala (conditioning / learning)
  • anterior cingulate (attention / conflict /response selection)
  • orbitofrontal cortex (relative reward preference / rule learning)
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3
Q

What do aversive/defensive systems do?

A

Promote survival in the event of threat (fear/pain).

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4
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in promoting survival in the event of threat?

A
  • ascending serotonin systems
  • NA / CRF / peptide transmiters
  • central nucleus of amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • ventroanterior and medial hypothalamus
  • periaqueductal gray matter
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5
Q

Give an explanation of depression.

A

Altered sensitivity/accuracy of brain systems evaluating rewards and cues predicting rewards within the environment

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6
Q

Give an explanation of anxiety.

A

Altered sensitivity/accuracy of brain systems evaluating threats and cues predicting threats within the environment

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7
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?

A

16%

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8
Q

Is depression more common in men or women? By how much?

A

Twice as common in women

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9
Q

By how much is risk of psychiatric admission increased in the 30 days following childbirth?

A

7x

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10
Q

What % of women experience blues in the first 2 weeks?

A

75%

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11
Q

What % of women develop MDD in first 3-6 months?

A

10%

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12
Q

How often does ‘puerperal psychosis’ occur?

A

1 in 500 deliveries

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13
Q

What is the risk of recurrence with subsequent deliveries?

A

1/3

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14
Q

______________ has complex polygenic influences associated with multiple variants and environmental interactions

A

Depression

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15
Q

What is the final hormone in the HPA axis?

A

Cortisol

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16
Q

Cortisol level is elevated in what?

A

Urine, saliva

17
Q

What happens to the secretion of ACTH in depression?

A

INCREASES

18
Q

What happens to the secretion of cortisol?

A

INCREASES

19
Q

What is increased in CSF in major depression?

A

CRH

20
Q

What happens to the adrenal glands in major depression?

A

Enlarged

21
Q

50-70% fail to suppress CORT production following DEX

A

TRUE

22
Q

What are the final hormones in the HPT axis?

A

Thyroid - T3 and T4

23
Q

What % of people with major depression show changes in the HPT axis?

A

20-30%

24
Q

What is increased in CSF in major depression that its CRH?

A

TRH

25
Q

What happens to TSH response to TRH?

A

It is blunted in 20-25% of pts, despite normal basal TSH, T3 and T4

26
Q

During almost all studies of emotion, what is there co-activation of?

A

AIC and ACC.

27
Q

What are there parallel descending projections to?

A

Sensory and motor nuclei in the brainstem

28
Q

What does the Anterior Insular Cortex have dense connectivity with?

A

The anterior cingulate cortex

29
Q

What type of region is the Anterior Insular Cortex?

A

A visceral sensory region

30
Q

On structural imaging, what can be seen in bipolar disorder?

A

Reduced grey matter volume – Brodmann Area 24 (anterior cingulate)

31
Q

What have post-mortem studies of someone with bipolar shown?

A

Reduced glilal cell numbers with NORMAL neuronal numbers in Brodmann Area 24 and OfC

32
Q

Outline what is seen on functional imaging of someone with bipolar?

A
  • Increased metabolism in amygdala (L), correlates with outcome.
  • Reduced metabolism OfC and Medial Ventral pfC, decreased FA of CTI in anterior cingulate
33
Q

What do approach/appetitive behaviours do?

A

Mediate seeking and approach behaviours (incl. pleasure).

Psychiatry (31 decks)

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