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Psychiatry > Neurobiology of Cognition > Flashcards

Neurobiology of Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mind, and is it different from the brain?

A

The mind is in charge of cognitive faculties

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2
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Thinking about your own thinking

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3
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

The comprehension of language/speech

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4
Q

What does a problem with Wernicke’s area result in?

A

Receptive aphasia – person won’t understand what’s being asked

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5
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

The production of speech

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6
Q

What does a problem with Broca’s area result in?

A

Expressive aphasia – person will understand what’s being said, but has difficulty finding the correct words to answer with

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7
Q

How many items can you keep in short term memory?

A

7 +/- 2

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8
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Long term memory of facts and info

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9
Q

Implicit/Procedural is acquired or used unconsciously

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What is dementia?

A

A progressive irreversible global cognitive decline (NOT just associated with memory loss)

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11
Q

How many components of cognition must be affected for someone to be diagnosed with dementia?

A

At least 2

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12
Q

Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia

A

TRUE

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13
Q

What is the average year survival of someone with dementia post diagnosis?

A

7 years

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14
Q

Aside from memory, what else does Alzheimer’s affect?

A

Orientation to task
Ability to make sense of what they see,
Control of motor function

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15
Q

What type of memory is particularly affected in Alzheimer’s?

A

Short term

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16
Q

Carrying out well rehearsed tasks is not usually affected in Alzheimer’s

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Outline the 2 main neuronal changes seen in Alzheimer.

A
  • Amyloid plaques

* Neurofibrillary tangles

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18
Q

What can often be difficult in people with Alzheimers?

A

Learning and remembering new things

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19
Q

What other things do people with Alzheimers have?

A

Dysphasia
Dyspraxia
Aphasia
Mood problems (incl. psychosis)

20
Q

Describe the extracellular amyloid plaques that occur in people with Alzheimers.

A

These are insoluble misfolded proteins, and are associated with inflammation

21
Q

How do neurofibrillary tangles form?

A

Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in microtubules

22
Q

Name 4 cholingeric projections in the brain.

A
  • Striatal interneurons – motor control.
  • Nucleus basalis of meyenert – attention/arousal.
  • Medial septal nucleus – learning and memory.
  • Brain stem nuclei.
23
Q

What cholingeric receptor is affected first in Alzheimer’s?

A

Nucleus basalis of meyenert

24
Q

What drugs are used in the tx of alzheimer’s and lewy body dementia?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

25
Q

What do acetylcholinesterase inhibitors do?

A

Boost cholinergic transmission, but don’t treat the underlying pathological process

26
Q

Give examples of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

A
  • Donepizil
  • Galantamine
  • Rivastigmine
27
Q

What – in terms of mode of action does memantine do?

A

A low-affinity voltage-dependent non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors

28
Q

What is memantine licensed for?

A

The treatment of all stages of Alzheimer’s disease

29
Q

What may memantine preferentially inhibit?

A

Excessive NMDA receptor activation associated with excitotoxicity and spare normal function

30
Q

What is memantine a weak antagonist for?

A

Other amine inhibitors

31
Q

Where is a common site of damage in vascular dementia?

A

Peri-ventricular

32
Q

What are the majority of cases of vascular dementia caused by?

A

Gradual stroke damage – small vessel disease – which has not been recognised

33
Q

What are lewy bodies?

A

Clumps of alpha synuclein and ubiquitin

34
Q

What does loss of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia nigra in this condition result in?

A

Parkinsons symptoms

35
Q

What does loss of ACh result in?

A

Memory problems

36
Q

Outline the key features of lewy body dementia.

A
  • Confusion
  • Parkinson’s sx
  • REM sleep disorder
  • Visual disturbance
  • Autonomic instability, especially hypotension
37
Q

What did frontotemporal dementia used to be known as?

A

Picks disease

38
Q

When does frontotemporal dementia usually start?

A

55-65 years, so think ‘younger pt with dementia.’

39
Q

What are the 5 main symptoms of frontotemporal dementia?

A
  • Disinhibition
  • Loss of memory (occurs later on)
  • Behavioural changes
  • Progressive non-fluent aphasia
  • Somatic dementia
40
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is an _______ related dementia

A

ALCOHOL

41
Q

What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy due to?

A

A thiamine deficiency

42
Q

What is thiamine essential for?

A

Krebs cycle

43
Q

What is the classic triad of Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A
  1. Ophthalmoplegia
  2. Confusion
  3. Ataxia
44
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is due to __________ problems

A

CEREBELLAR

45
Q

What other symptoms are associated with Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A 
Visual impairment
Hearing impairment
Reduced conscious level
Hypothermia
Lactic acidosis
Circulatory changes
46
Q

Remember to replace ________ in Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

THIAMINE

Psychiatry (31 decks)

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