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Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology > Neurobiology Module 4 Final > Flashcards

Neurobiology Module 4 Final Flashcards

1
Q

a monoamine neurotransmitter that relies on tyrosine, converted from DA in noradrenergic cells, transmitted into the synapse by VMAT2

A

NE

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2
Q

_____ regulate the rate and levels of production of NE

A

presynaptic alpha 2 autoreceptors

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3
Q

_____ are in the pons and the brainstem

A

noradrenergic cells

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4
Q

NE is a key component of the _____

A

autonomic nervous system in the periphery

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5
Q

NE projects into the _____ to impact cognitive function through activation of alpha 2 receptors

A

PFC

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6
Q

too much NE impairs _____ and too little causes _____

A

cognition, sedation

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7
Q

_____, _____, and _____ help with the integration of emotional memories and learning

A

NE, EPI, and cortisol

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8
Q

_____ an alpha 2 agonist works to mitigate the effects of increased NE in the PFC and is used in young patients with ADHD

A

clonidine

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9
Q

synthesis of serotonin relies on the amino acid _____

A

tryptophan

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10
Q

release of 5-HT can be stimulated by drugs like:

A

amphetamines

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11
Q

5-HT is metabolized by

A

monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)

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12
Q

pulls serotonin back into the terminal for recycling or breakdown

A

5-HT transporter (SERT)

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13
Q

5-HT neurons are implicated in regulation of sleep wake cycles and _____

A

award/punishment

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14
Q

_____ regulates messaging in depression, anxiety, pain, learning, and memory

A

serotonin

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15
Q

why does nausea often accompany early administration of SSRIs?

A

the gut is rich in 5-HT receptors

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16
Q

acts as both auto receptor and postsynaptic receptor; buspirone _____ and vilazodone is _____

A

5-HT1A, agonist, partial agonist,

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17
Q

inhibits the release of DA in the striatum

A

5-HT2A

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18
Q

involved in regulation of appetite; antagonist actions may cause increased weight gain

A

5-HT2C

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19
Q

cause vasoconstriction in the CNS. Agonists Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan are used to treat _____

A

5-HT1B/1D, migraines

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20
Q

located on the vagus nerve where they transmit signals from the GI tract to the brain. _____ drugs stimulate the receptors and vomiting center is activated

A

5-HT3, chemotherapy

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21
Q

_____ regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis causes the release of NE, ACh, and GABA which regulate the secretion of _____

A

stress, corticotropic-releasing factor

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22
Q

in depression cortisol levels are often _____

A

elevated

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23
Q

_____ change the HPA setpoint making it over responsive and increasing the risk for depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse

A

early childhood traumas

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24
Q

CRF instigates the release of _____ from the pituitary gland resulting in increased cortisol release

A

adrenocorticotropin

25
Q

In depression REM occurs _____ as opposed to normally occurring _____ at night

A

late, early

26
Q

5-HT and NE show _____

A

circadian rhythms

27
Q

depression is d/t insufficient levels of NE, DA, or 5-HT and mania is caused by the opposite is:

A

monoamine hypothesis

28
Q

depression is characterized by _____ cortisol and _____ sensitivity to the HPA feedback inhibition

A

elevated, decreased

29
Q

_____ are used to treat both depression and anxiety by altering 5-HT, NE, and occasionally DA

A

antidepressants

30
Q

two main types of drugs that should be avoided with MAOIs

A

sympathomimetic
drugs that increase serotonin

31
Q

sympathomimetic drugs to avoid (6)

A

phenylephrine
psuedoephedrine
stimulants
SNRIs
TCAs
NRIs

32
Q

drugs that may increase serotonin levels with MAOIs (8)

A

meperidine
tramadol
dextromethorphan
amphetamines
MDMA
methadone
fentanyl
sumatriptan

33
Q

_____ an amino acid, increases the release of NE

A

tyramine

34
Q

Foods high in tyramine

A

*dried, aged, fermented, smoked, spoiled meat/fish/poultry
*broad beans
*all aged cheeses
*unpasteurized or tap beer
*soy products
*banana peel

35
Q

_____ work by blocking reuptake of NE and 5-HT which increases levels and prolongs their effects in the synapse

A

tricyclic antidepressants

36
Q

histamine blockade causes: (3)

A

fatigue
sedation
weight gain

37
Q

TCAs are problematic for patients who are _____

A

suicidal

38
Q

_____ block presynaptic 5-HT transport, SERT, thus enhancing serotonergic function

A

SSRIs

39
Q

some SSRIs _____ 5-HT2C which enhances the release of NE and DA

A

antagonizes

40
Q

several SSRIs contribute to _____ and the potential for _____

A

QTc prolongation
lethal dysrhythmias

41
Q

SSRIs lack (3):

A

NE
histamine
ACh

42
Q

caused by combination of serotonergic drugs or increased doses of serotonergic drugs

A

serotonin syndrome

43
Q

symptoms of serotonin syndrome (5)

A

agitation
disorientation
ataxia
muscle spasms
exaggerated sympathetic function

44
Q

lethal signs of serotonin syndrome (6)

A

fever
shivering
chills
diarrhea
elevated BP
increased HR

45
Q

these drugs combine strong inhibition of SERT with varying degrees of NET inhibition

A

SNRIs

46
Q

an SSRI that can have bothersome withdrawal effects when not taken at the same time and uncomfortable with weaning

A

venlafaxine

47
Q

inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE having the effect of increasing DA and NE especially in the PFC (give an example)

A

norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors
burpropion

48
Q

oldest treatment for bipolar disorder

A

lithium

49
Q

works by increasing 5-HT action by increasing 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and tryptophan

A

lithium

50
Q

lithium can stop the phosphorylation of tau which can slow the progression of _____

A

Alzheimers

51
Q

long term lithium use can lead to _____ and _____

A

kidney and thyroid impairment

52
Q

lithium levels should be within

A

0.7-1.2mM

53
Q

side effects of valproate (6)

A

drowsiness
lethargy
tremors
hair loss
weight gain
GI distress

54
Q

this drug is associated with neural tube defects and the development of PCOS

A

valproate

55
Q

helps treat neuropathic pain

A

carbamazepine

56
Q

can also cause neural tube defects and has potential for blood dyscrasias d/t suppression of bone marrow

A

carbamazepine

57
Q

not approved for mania but is approved for bipolar depression

A

lamotrigine

58
Q

side effect of lamotrigine

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology (9 decks)

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