Neurobiology Module 4 Final Flashcards
a monoamine neurotransmitter that relies on tyrosine, converted from DA in noradrenergic cells, transmitted into the synapse by VMAT2
NE
_____ regulate the rate and levels of production of NE
presynaptic alpha 2 autoreceptors
_____ are in the pons and the brainstem
noradrenergic cells
NE is a key component of the _____
autonomic nervous system in the periphery
NE projects into the _____ to impact cognitive function through activation of alpha 2 receptors
PFC
too much NE impairs _____ and too little causes _____
cognition, sedation
_____, _____, and _____ help with the integration of emotional memories and learning
NE, EPI, and cortisol
_____ an alpha 2 agonist works to mitigate the effects of increased NE in the PFC and is used in young patients with ADHD
clonidine
synthesis of serotonin relies on the amino acid _____
tryptophan
release of 5-HT can be stimulated by drugs like:
amphetamines
5-HT is metabolized by
monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)
pulls serotonin back into the terminal for recycling or breakdown
5-HT transporter (SERT)
5-HT neurons are implicated in regulation of sleep wake cycles and _____
award/punishment
_____ regulates messaging in depression, anxiety, pain, learning, and memory
serotonin
why does nausea often accompany early administration of SSRIs?
the gut is rich in 5-HT receptors
acts as both auto receptor and postsynaptic receptor; buspirone _____ and vilazodone is _____
5-HT1A, agonist, partial agonist,
inhibits the release of DA in the striatum
5-HT2A
involved in regulation of appetite; antagonist actions may cause increased weight gain
5-HT2C
cause vasoconstriction in the CNS. Agonists Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan are used to treat _____
5-HT1B/1D, migraines
located on the vagus nerve where they transmit signals from the GI tract to the brain. _____ drugs stimulate the receptors and vomiting center is activated
5-HT3, chemotherapy
_____ regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis causes the release of NE, ACh, and GABA which regulate the secretion of _____
stress, corticotropic-releasing factor
in depression cortisol levels are often _____
elevated
_____ change the HPA setpoint making it over responsive and increasing the risk for depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse
early childhood traumas
CRF instigates the release of _____ from the pituitary gland resulting in increased cortisol release
adrenocorticotropin
In depression REM occurs _____ as opposed to normally occurring _____ at night
late, early
5-HT and NE show _____
circadian rhythms
depression is d/t insufficient levels of NE, DA, or 5-HT and mania is caused by the opposite is:
monoamine hypothesis
depression is characterized by _____ cortisol and _____ sensitivity to the HPA feedback inhibition
elevated, decreased
_____ are used to treat both depression and anxiety by altering 5-HT, NE, and occasionally DA
antidepressants
two main types of drugs that should be avoided with MAOIs
sympathomimetic
drugs that increase serotonin
sympathomimetic drugs to avoid (6)
phenylephrine
psuedoephedrine
stimulants
SNRIs
TCAs
NRIs
drugs that may increase serotonin levels with MAOIs (8)
meperidine
tramadol
dextromethorphan
amphetamines
MDMA
methadone
fentanyl
sumatriptan
_____ an amino acid, increases the release of NE
tyramine
Foods high in tyramine
*dried, aged, fermented, smoked, spoiled meat/fish/poultry
*broad beans
*all aged cheeses
*unpasteurized or tap beer
*soy products
*banana peel
_____ work by blocking reuptake of NE and 5-HT which increases levels and prolongs their effects in the synapse
tricyclic antidepressants
histamine blockade causes: (3)
fatigue
sedation
weight gain
TCAs are problematic for patients who are _____
suicidal
_____ block presynaptic 5-HT transport, SERT, thus enhancing serotonergic function
SSRIs
some SSRIs _____ 5-HT2C which enhances the release of NE and DA
antagonizes
several SSRIs contribute to _____ and the potential for _____
QTc prolongation
lethal dysrhythmias
SSRIs lack (3):
NE
histamine
ACh
caused by combination of serotonergic drugs or increased doses of serotonergic drugs
serotonin syndrome
symptoms of serotonin syndrome (5)
agitation
disorientation
ataxia
muscle spasms
exaggerated sympathetic function
lethal signs of serotonin syndrome (6)
fever
shivering
chills
diarrhea
elevated BP
increased HR
these drugs combine strong inhibition of SERT with varying degrees of NET inhibition
SNRIs
an SSRI that can have bothersome withdrawal effects when not taken at the same time and uncomfortable with weaning
venlafaxine
inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE having the effect of increasing DA and NE especially in the PFC (give an example)
norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors
burpropion
oldest treatment for bipolar disorder
lithium
works by increasing 5-HT action by increasing 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and tryptophan
lithium
lithium can stop the phosphorylation of tau which can slow the progression of _____
Alzheimers
long term lithium use can lead to _____ and _____
kidney and thyroid impairment
lithium levels should be within
0.7-1.2mM
side effects of valproate (6)
drowsiness
lethargy
tremors
hair loss
weight gain
GI distress
this drug is associated with neural tube defects and the development of PCOS
valproate
helps treat neuropathic pain
carbamazepine
can also cause neural tube defects and has potential for blood dyscrasias d/t suppression of bone marrow
carbamazepine
not approved for mania but is approved for bipolar depression
lamotrigine
side effect of lamotrigine
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
