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Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology > Neurobiology Final Module 3 > Flashcards

Neurobiology Final Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia is thought to related to abnormal _____ levels in the brain

A

dopamine

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2
Q

Dopamine (DA) is a _____ neurotransmitter

A

catecholamine

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3
Q

Dopamine relies on the availability of the precursor amino acid _____ which also contributes to the production of _____

A

tyrosine, norepinephrine (NE)

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4
Q

When there is a stress response the rates of catecholamine production _____

A

increase

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5
Q

Catecholamine production can be increased by administering precursors such as _____ or _____

A

tyrosine, L-DOPA

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6
Q

Administering tyrosine when there is increased _____ or stress improves working memory

A

cognitive demand

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7
Q

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 1 is found in the

A

adrenal medulla

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8
Q

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 2 is found in the

A

brain

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9
Q

Depressive symptoms develop when catecholamine levels _____

A

drop

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10
Q

drugs such as _____ and _____ cause catecholamines to be released without depolarization of the neuron

A

amphetamines; methamphetamines

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11
Q

catecholamine levels are controlled through _____ and _____

A

metabolism; synaptic reuptake

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12
Q

reuptake occurs through _____ which return the neurotransmitter to the terminal for either recycling or breakdown

A

transporter proteins

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13
Q

_____ block transporters for both NE and serotonin (5-HT)

A

tricyclic antidepressants

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14
Q

_____ blocks transporters for all the monoamine transmitters

A

cocaine

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15
Q

MAO-A metabolizes _____

A

NE

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16
Q

MAO-B breaks down _____

A

dopamine (DA)

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17
Q

_____ includes the extrapyramidal system and regulates motor function

A

substantia nigra

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18
Q

deficiency in the basal ganglia results in _____ and _____

A

akathisia (restlessness), dystonia (involuntray muscle spasms)

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19
Q

_____ in the substantia nigra and the dorsal striata induces:

A

hyperkinetic movements

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20
Q

This pathway includes the reward system and regulates motivation and pleasure

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA) branching off to limbic system (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus)

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21
Q

Aggression and positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusion result from _____ in the _____

A

DA hyperactivity, mesolimbic pathway

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22
Q

controls executive function and cognition

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

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23
Q

regulates affect and emotions

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

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24
Q

loss of motivation, anhedonia, lack of pleasure

A

negative symptoms

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25
Q

What are the two most common metabotropic DA receptor subtypes in the brain

A

D1 and D2

26
Q

Nearly all current antipsychotics are:

A

D2 receptor antagonists

27
Q

_____ are both auto receptors and postsynaptic receptors

A

D2 receptors

28
Q

high doses of DA antagonist drugs induce _____

A

catalepsy (lack of spontaneous movement)

29
Q

A common D2 receptor blocker associated with catalepsy is:

A

haloperidol

30
Q

Long term dosage of D2 receptor antagonists lead to the development of :

A

dopamine supersensitivity

31
Q

when there is a lack of a neurotransmitter, neurons will increase the number of receptors called:

A

receptor upregulation

32
Q

What is a hallmark characteristic of schizophrenia

A

disturbed thought

33
Q

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre thought patterns, and unusual behaviors

A

positive symptoms

34
Q

positive symptoms respond well to meds that:

A

block D2 receptors

35
Q

alogia, flattened affect, avolition, social withdrawal, and anhedonia

A

negative symptoms

36
Q

impaired working memory, loss of executive function, and impaired attention:

A

cognitive symptoms

37
Q

symptoms most resistant to antipsychotics are:

A

negative and cognitive

38
Q

common structural changes r/t schizophrenia include (4)

A

reduced volume in basal ganglia
cerebral atrophy
ventricular enlargement
reduced volume in hippocampus and temporal/frontal cortices

39
Q

The most common consistent change in schizophrenia is:

A

reduced PFC function r/t decreased blood flow

40
Q

During the first episode of schizophrenia, _____ are elevated and _____ are decreased

A

pro inflammatory mediators, anti-inflammatory cytokines

41
Q

Immune disorders such as diabetes, RA, and Crohn’s _____ the risk of schizophrenia

A

increase

42
Q

phenothiazines (chlorpromazine) and butyrophenones (haloperidol)

A

classic neuroleptics

43
Q

antagonism of DA transmission through competitive blockade of receptors or inhibiting the release of DA

A

classic neuroleptics

44
Q

Antipsychotics bind to the following receptors (3):

A

serotonin
adrenergic
histamine

45
Q

How can you reduce parkinsonism symptoms?

A

combine dopamine blockade with an anticholinergic such as benztropine

46
Q

muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and autonomic lability

A

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

47
Q

what is treatment for NMS

A

calcium channel blockade (dantrolene)

48
Q

a postsynaptic receptor with excitatory function that stimulates glutamate and GABA release which regulates DA release

A

5-HT2A

49
Q

Blocking 5-HT2A stimulates:

A

DA release

50
Q

regulates both DA and NE at the postsynaptic receptor

A

5-HT2C

51
Q

stimulating 5-HT2C receptor leads to:

A

significant weight loss

52
Q

blocking 5-HT2C receptor leads to:

A

increased DA and NE in the PFC improving cognition

53
Q

List the 2nd generation antipsychotics that block 5-HT2C and bind to 5-HT2A (4)

A

clozapine
olanzapine
quetiapine
asenapine

54
Q

List the 2nd generation antipsychotic “dones” (4):

A

risperidone
ziprasidone
paliperidone
lurasidone

55
Q

List the 2nd generation antipsychotics that are characterized by partial 5-HT1A agonism and have the lowest cardiometabolic risks (3)

A

cariprazine
aripoprazole
brexpiprazole

56
Q

What is the gold standard for antipsychotics

A

Clozapine

57
Q

What risk is associated with clozapine

A

agranulocytosis

58
Q

What antipsychotic has the highest risk for cardiometabolic consequences

A

Olanzapine

59
Q

Becomes more like a classical neuroleptic at higher doses and approved for symptoms of irritability for patients with autism spectrum disorder

A

risperidone

60
Q

least risk for weight gain and metabolic complications, less sedating, must be taken with 500 calorie meal for absorption

A

ziprasidone

Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology (9 decks)

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