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Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology > Neurobiology Final Module 1 > Flashcards

Neurobiology Final Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What the drug does to the target (receptor)

A

drug action

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2
Q

impact drug action has on physiological and psychological functions

A

drug effect

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3
Q

the action of _____ is to block sodium channels which affect the release of glutamate

A

lamotrigine

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4
Q

what is the drug effect of lamotrigine

A

raise the seizure threshold and stabilize mood

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5
Q

this drug is given to reduce certain types of anxiety while also causing reduction in heart rate and blood pressure

A

propranolol

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6
Q

slow and can be impacted by first pass metaboliam

A

oral route

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7
Q

these types of drugs require an active transport pump

A

ionized

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8
Q

why do highly vascular areas such as heart, liver, kidney, and brain have high drug concentrations?

A

because capillaries are porous

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9
Q

area responsible for detecting and responding to toxins by inducing vomiting, do not have a BBB

A

chemical trigger zone (area postrema)

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10
Q

what is the most common depot binding site (silent receptor)

A

albumin

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11
Q

once in the bloodstream, drugs can be bound to other substances like protein or stored in other tissues as inactive substances making them _____ available to target receptors

A

less

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12
Q

sites that cause no appreciable effect causing drugs to be inactivated (when a drug is heavily protein bound)

A

drug depots (silent receptors)

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13
Q

most common metabolic process that takes place through the actions of the cytochrome P450 enzyme chains

A

biotransformation

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14
Q

the whole purpose of the CYP450 enzyme chain is to:

A

metabolize drugs/hormones

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15
Q

causes the enzyme to do its work of metabolizing its substrates

A

enzyme induction

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16
Q

used for mood stabilization, is a strong inducer of 3A4 which can lead to decreased levels of birth control when taken together

A

carbamazepine

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17
Q

a substrate of 3A4 therefore requiring higher doses d/t inducing its own metabolism

A

carbamazepine

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18
Q

cigarette smoking induces CYP450 1A2 which can lead to reduction in levels of substrate drugs such as _____ and _____

A

antidepressants, caffeine

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19
Q

causes substrates to be broken down more slowly

A

enzyme inhibition

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20
Q

an inhibitor of CYP450 2D6 and 3A4 which metabolizes aripiprazole therefore when taken together it will cause aripiprazole to be metabolized more slowly resulting in elevated levels in the bloodstream

A

fluoxetine

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21
Q

any substance that binds to a receptor is a _____

A

ligand

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22
Q

type of receptor in cell wall that alter membrane potential

A

ion coupled

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23
Q

type of receptor in cell wall that cause a prolonged response such as changes in enzyme activity

A

G protein

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24
Q

drugs that initial a cellular response, stimulate the normal response brought about by activating the receptor

A

receptor agonist

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25
Q

centrally acting alpha 2 agonist used for ADHD in children causing stimulation to decrease BP, HR, and vascular resistance while the increased alpha 2 stimulation in PFC leads to improved focus

A

guanfacine

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26
Q

chemicals that bind to the receptor but have no effect but also block the receptor from being stimulated

A

receptor antagonists

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27
Q

used for mood stabilization and seizure d/o, is a glutamate voltage sensitive sodium channel blocker

A

lamotrigine

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28
Q

an excitatory neurotransmitter that when blocked reduces excitatory stimulation

A

glutamate

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29
Q

sometimes referred to as modulators/stabilizers, their action depends on the amount of natural agonist available. If none available it will act as agonist if too much available it will act as an antagonist

A

partial agonist

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30
Q

atypical antipsychotic, partial agonist of D2 and D3 receptors. When levels too high it reduces leading to improvement of +symptoms. When too low it increases resulting in improved cognition, stable mood and reduces -symptoms

A

cariprazine

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31
Q

causes a response where antagonist block

A

inverse agonist

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32
Q

drugs that compete with an agonist by occupying a receptor but creating no response resulting in reduced agonist effects

A

competitive antagonists

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33
Q

competes with opiates for receptors occupying them and causing no response but resulting in a reduction of opiate effect

A

naloxone (competitive)

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34
Q

do not occupy the receptor but reduce the agonist effect in other ways

A

noncompetitive antagonists

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35
Q

occurs when 2 drugs interact to decrease the effect of both drugs on the target receptors (Adderall for ADHD increases HR and metoprolol lowers HR)

A

physiological antagonism

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36
Q

a patient is given an opiate for pain and a benzo for anxiety with a result of increased sedation

A

additive effect

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37
Q

2 drugs given together produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects

A

potentiation

38
Q

when an agonist drug is used long term resulting in reduction of available receptors

A

down regulation

39
Q

beta receptors stimulate _____

A

sympathetic responses

40
Q

beta 1 receptors cause _____ HR

A

increased

41
Q

beta 2 receptors cause

A

bronchodilation and increased glucose production

42
Q

the extent of the effect produced by a given drug concentration, provides a measure of receptor activity

A

dose response curve

43
Q

lowest dose that achieves an effect

A

threshold dose

44
Q

amount of a drug required to achieve desired effect

A

potency

45
Q

occurs when long-term used reduces the drug that is available to the receptor site such as when a drug induces its own metabolism in the CYP450 system

A

metabolic tolerance

46
Q

results from changes in the function of nerve cell that occur in response to the presence of the drug

A

pharmacodynamic tolerance

47
Q

the most studied gene mutations are those responsible for determining the function of specific _____

A

CYP450 enzymes

48
Q

this gene determines whether folate metabolism occurs normally and mutations can cause a reduction in

A

methylenetetrahdrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR)

49
Q

when folate is not metabolized in adequate amounts the monoamine levels are _____ leading to increased rates of ______

A

reduced, depression

50
Q

mutation in histocompatibility complex HLA-B*1502 is common in _____ populations

A

Chinese

51
Q

process by which neurons transmit signals out to other neurons

A

divergence

52
Q

when there are normal spines but fewer of them such as in schizophrenia, intellectual function is normal, but the patient has _____ and _____ characteristic of the disorder

A

cognitive, negative symptoms

53
Q

carry synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

A

terminal buttons

54
Q

_____ and _____ in the chemical environment can alter transcription factors leading to changes in protein production

A

prolonged stress, chronic changes

55
Q

_____ and _____ open the gene to transcription factors which effectively turns the gene “on” so it is expressed

A

acetylation, demethylation

56
Q

_____ and _____ turn gene “off” by denying access by transcription factors

A

deacetylation, methylation

57
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is in part caused by a problem with _____ responsible for maintaining normal axoplasmic transport through neurofilaments and microtubules

A

protein tau

58
Q

neurofibrillatory tangles occur when _____ of substance tau causes it to be malformed

A

hyperphosphorylation

59
Q

_____ works by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels which means an action potential cannot occur

A

lidocaine

60
Q

the time it takes for a drug to unbind allows for longer refractory period and reduced rate of firing which decreases ______

A

seizure activity

61
Q

_____ come from the ventral horn thoracic and lumbar regions. Axons are short and synapse with sympathetic ganglia

A

efferent sympathetic neurons

62
Q

_____ release acetylcholine to the ganglia and postganglionic cells release NE to target tissues

A

preganglionic fibers

63
Q

_____ located in either the brain or the ventral horn of the spinal cord at the sacrum. Their axons are long and synapse with ganglia close to target organs

A

efferent parasympathetic neurons

64
Q

postganglionic fibers also release

A

acetylcholine

65
Q

controls HR, BP, RR, digestion, coughing, and vomiting

A

medulla

66
Q

_____ and _____ contain the reticular formation which is key to arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone, and some cardiac and respiratory reflexes

A

pons, midbrain

67
Q

a nuclei in the reticular formation that is a cluster or neurons releasing NE causing arousal, vigilance, and increased attention

A

locus coeruleus

68
Q

amphetamines _____ the function of the locus coeruleus

A

enhance

69
Q

dorsal and medial raphe nuclei are the course of neurons that release _____

A

serotonin

70
Q

part of the visual system and controls pupil response

A

tectum

71
Q

receives visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli, information about balance and body position, coordinates time, patterns and skeletal muscle contractions

A

cerebellum

72
Q

innervates the striatum in the basal ganglia, a group of cells that produce DA for transmission

A

substantia nigra

73
Q

_____ results from cell death in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

74
Q

ventral tegmental area, limbic system (mesolimbic tract), frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and entorhinal areas are key to development of:

A

Schizophrenia and Parkinson

75
Q

established long term memory, spatial memory, and contextual memory, sensitive to changes in stress hormone levels and involved in the development of depression

A

hippocampus

76
Q

4 classic neurotranmitters

A

amino acids
monoamines
acetylcholine
purines

77
Q

small protein molecules that stimulate opiate receptors and play a role in drug abuse, take longer to produce and replace than classical neurotransmitters because they can only be produced in the cell body

A

neuropeptides

78
Q

block serotonin removal by serotonin transporters

A

SSRIs

79
Q

_____ blocks DA, NE, and serotonin transporters

A

cocaine

80
Q

drug mimics the neurotransmitter at the receptor

A

agonist

81
Q

receptor that works fast and is key to process that requires immediate response

A

ionotropic (ligand-gated channel)

82
Q

slower than ionotropic and the postsynaptic response is slower and longer lasting result. Work by activation of G proteins stimulate or inhibit the opening of ion channels

A

Metabotropic receptors

83
Q

one of the key functions of second messengers is activation of _____

A

protein kinases

84
Q

inhibits phosphodiesterase which results in increased cGMP and the relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels

A

Viagra

85
Q

a monoamine oxidase inhibitor that blocks function of monoamine oxidase which is responsible for the breakdown of 5-HT, DA, and NE

A

phenelzine

86
Q

_____ are agonists for GABA receptors by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA

A

benzodiazepines

87
Q

secretes cortisol, epinephrine and NE in response to stress

A

adrenal gland

88
Q

secretes melatonin which helps regulate sleep/wake with 5-HT as a precursor for production

A

pineal gland

89
Q

_____ is a common SE in schizophrenia bc of D2 receptors being blocked

A

hyperprolactinemia

90
Q

percentage of D2 receptors that must be occupied for relief of schizophrenia symptoms

A

50

Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology (9 decks)

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