Neurobiology Final Module 6

Question 1

What are the key chemicals in the sleep/arousal system (5)?

Answer 1

histamine
dopamine
NE
ACh
serotonin

Question 2

_____ results from too much nighttime arousal

Answer 2

insomnia

Question 3

Sleep/wake regulation occurs in the:

Answer 3

hypothalamus

Question 4

sleep triggers live in the:

Answer 4

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Question 5

arousal triggers come from the:

Answer 5

tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Question 6

VLPO activity results in the release of _____ and inhibition of the _____ thus causing sleep

Answer 6

GABA, TMN

Question 7

Reduction in the hypothalamic neurons that utilize _____ and _____ results in disorders such as narcolepsy

Answer 7

orexin, hypocretin

Question 8

This transmitter is key to regulating wakefulness and in the target of wake-promoting and sleep-promoting drugs.

Answer 8

histamine

Question 9

_____ indicates either hyperfunction of the VLPO or lack of TMN function

Answer 9

excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 10

drugs such as _____ increase secretion of histamine which increases _____

Answer 10

modafinil, wakefulness

Question 11

Drugs that _____ GABA or _____ the function of histamine are used to treat insomnia.

Answer 11

increase, decrease

Question 12

This drug at high doses inhibits reuptake of serotonin (give an example)

Answer 12

H1 antagonist, 5HT2A antagonist (trazodone)

Question 13

What are the primary effects leading to sedation with H1 antagonists and 5HT2A antagonists (2):

Answer 13

histamine 1
alpha 1 blockade

Question 14

these drugs block H1 receptors leading to sedation

Answer 14

histamine H1 antagonist

Question 15

list 3 H1 antagonists

Answer 15

diphenhydramine
doxylamine
doxepin

Question 16

what are the side effects of H1 antagonists (5)

Answer 16

weight gain
blurred vision
constipation
dry mouth
memory problems

Question 17

histamine H1 antagonists antagonize _____ leading to parasympathetic blockade

Answer 17

muscarinic receptors

Question 18

_____ causes rapid sleep induction but is unlikely to cause tolerance or weight gain

Answer 18

doxepin

Question 19

these drugs bind to the GABA (A) receptors without causing dependence, tolerance, or withdrawal

Answer 19

GABA (A) partial allosteric modulators

Question 20

examples of GABA (A) partial allosteric modulators (3)

Answer 20

zaleplon, zolpidem, zopiclone

Question 21

they are stimulate melatonin receptors which help to regulate circadian rhythms, are the most effective for sleep onset but not for maintenance unless in controlled release

Answer 21

melatonergic hypnotics

Question 22

examples of melatonergic hypnotics (2)

Answer 22

melatonin
ramelteon

Question 23

stimulates the release of histamine and orexin from the TMN and inhibition of DAT (give example)

Answer 23

wake promoting drugs (modafinil)

Question 24

what are side effects of modafinil (4)

Answer 24

elevated BP and HR
agitation
anxiety