Neurobiology Final Module 9 Flashcards
it is based on evidence of dysregulation of brain function caused buy repeated drug exposure
disease model of addiction
addiction can be diagnosed only on the basis of
behavioral symptomology
behavioral intervention in which the user gets regular urine testing and receives reinforcement
contingency management
a chronically relapsing d/o characterized by compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a -emotional state when access to the drug is prevented.
current scientific view of addiction
a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems
substance use disorders
development of reversible substance-specific syndrome d/t recent ingestion of a substance
substance-induced disorders
_____ or _____ yields rapid drug entry into the brain and fast onset of drug action
IV injection
inhalation/smoking
_____ is associated with shorter duration of action and is more likely to produce addiction
fast onset
IV and inhalation produce the strongest euphoric effects d/t:
rapid drug delivery to the brain
what are the 3 stages that are repeated in the development of addiction
1.preoccupation/anticipation of substance use
2. binge use and intoxication
3. withdrawal/-affect when coming down motivating further use
neural circuit responsible for the acute rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs
reward circuit
activation of the _____ from the ___ to the ___ plays a central role in drug reward and reinforcement
mesolimbic DA pathway
VTA
NAcc
activation of the _____ increases release of NE and the neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dynorphin
antireward system
what are two major functions of the antireward system
- put a limit or break on reward
- mediate some of the aversive effects of stress
neural mechanisms responsible for affect provoke an initial strong reaction and automatically set ini motion an opposing response that occurs after the initial stimulus ends
opponent-process model
allostasis gradually changes the baseline hedonic state of the drug user
Koob and Le Moal model
a physiological, behavioral, or psychological variable that is repeatedly challenged maintains stability by changing its set-point
allostasis
characterized by intrusive thinking, drug craving and lack of impulse control
preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction cycle
has been linked to abnormal activity in pathways from PFC, hippocampus, amygdala, and ventral striatum
intrusive thinking
correlates with activation of the DLPFC, OFC, ACC, dorsal and ventral striata, and insula
cue-induced cravings
the _____ has been implicated in motivational regulation, inducing drug craving and control over drug use
insula
may help mediate acute drug-induced behavioral and psychological responses that undergo tolerance
Category A proteins
could play a role in the transition form recreational use to addiction
Category B proteins
may be important for maintaining the “addicted”state
Category C proteins
have been implicated in greater risk of substance abuse correlated with early childhood maltreatment or other stress
epigenetic changes
_____ of alcohol is metabolized by the liver
95%
converts alcohol to acetaldehyde which is then converted to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase
alcohol dehydrogenase
about 10% of _____ have genes that code for an inactive for of ALDH
Asians
enzymes in the _____ family also convert alcohol to acetaldehyde
cytochrome P450
CYP2E1 is sometimes called the:
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
when alcohol is consumed regularly, these enzymes increase, which increases rate of metabolism of alcohol and other drugs
induction
effects of alcohol are reduced when administered repeatedly
tolerance
there is also _____ with other drugs in the sedative-hypnotic class, including barbiturates and benzodiazepines
cross-tolerance
acute tolerance occurs with a
single exposure to alcohol
drug effects are _____ while the blood level of alcohol is rising and _____ while the blood level is falling
greater, smaller
increase in P450 liver microsomal enzymes that metabolize the alcohol
metabolic tolerance
neurons adapt to the continued presence of alcohol by making compensatory changes in cell function
pharmacodynamic tolerance
practicing behaviors while under the influence of alcohol allows adjustment and compensation
behavioral tolerance
alcohol is a _____ and _____ glutamate release in many brain areas
glutamate antagonist, reduces
alcohol has the greatest effect on _____
NMDA receptors
repeated alcohol use results in
up-regulation of NMDA receptors
during withdrawal glutamate release that is normally _____ by alcohol _____ after about 10 hrs
reduced
increases
alcohol _____ Cl- flux and stimulates GABA release
increases
the GABA (B) agonist _____ prevents alcohol selection by alcohol preferring rats
baclofen
