Neurobiology Final Module 5 Flashcards
the areas of the brain that play a key role in anxiety disorders are:
amygdala
cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuts
amygdala is associated with _____ and CSTC associated with _____
fear, worry
the amygdala and limbic system _____ and _____
Evaluate stimuli
Initiate responses
_____ activates the HPA which causes activation of amygdala and projects into the locus coeruleus which releases NE.
corticotropin releasing hormone
NE and epinephrine are key to _____ and _____
Physiological stress response
Formation of emotional memories
inhibition of _____ leads to hyperactivity, impairs social interaction, and increases fear conditioning
neurosteroids
dopaminergic projections into the amygdala can block the inhibitory effects of _____
GABA
genetic expression of _____, _____, and _____ can help to predict anxious behaviors
CRF
SERT
neurosteroid gene polymorphisms
the inability to stop the initiation of actions. Comes from ventral striatum
Impulsivity
Inability to stop ongoing actions. Comes from dorsal stratum in different areas of the prefrontal cortex
Compulsivity
First line treatment for OCD and related conditions
SSRIs
All neurons contain large amounts of
Glutamate
The vesicular glutamate transporter one is found in
The cortex and hippocampus
Vesicular glutamate transporter two is found in
Subcortical structures
Vesicular glutamate transporter three appears to package glutamate for
Inner hair cells which help to conduct sound
_____ are key in the take up of glutamate after release
astrocytes
_____ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the brain
Glutamate
Regulates synaptic plasticity in learning and memory
glutamate
_____ utilize calcium as a 2nd messenger and respond to both glutamate and glycine and D-serine
NMDA receptors
_____ can occur through elevated glutamate levels which lead to cell death
excitotoxicity
prolonged stimulation of NMDA and other glutamate receptors leads to _____ and _____ of the neuron
necrosis
lysis
_____ may be the result of excitotoxicity
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
_____ only functions as a neurotransmitter
GABA
significant reductions of GABA production cause
convulsions
GAT3 is found only in
astrocytes
breakdown of GABA requires both the work of _____ and _____
neuronal uptake
astrocytes
which GABA receptor is ionotropic
A
which GABA receptor is metabotropic
B
act to hyperpolarize the neuron thus inhibiting cell firing
GABA (A)
first line treatment for anxiety disorders include (5):
SSRIs
SNRIs’
benzo
partial 5HT-1A agonist
alpha 2 delta ligands
modulate excessive output from the amygdala during fear response in anxiety. Stimulate GABA(A) receptors resulting in inhibition of neuronal firing
benzodiazepines
use of benzodiazepines can be useful with anxiety reduction while waiting for
SSRI/SNRI onset
best for intermittent short term use (long term can lead to dependance)
benzodiazepines
List 6 benzodiazepines
alprazolam
clonazepam
diazepam
lorazepam
temazepam
chlordiazepoxide
modulates serotonergic activity in projections to the amygdala, pfc, striatum, and thalamus. Stimulates 5-HT1A auto receptors leading to reduced serotonergic activity
partial 5-HT1A agonist
give an example of 5-HT1A agonist
buspirone
block the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate when neurotransmission is excessive in the amygdala
A2 delta ligands
why are A2 delta ligands lees useful on an “as needed” basis?
prolonged onset
List two A2 delta ligands
gabapentin
pregabalin
