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Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology > Neurobiology Final Module 8 > Flashcards

Neurobiology Final Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

this is a key neurotransmitter in the PNS and in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

A

ACh

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2
Q

ACh is stored and released by _____

A

vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT)

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3
Q

ACh levels are controlled by _____

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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4
Q

AChE can be found in _____, _____ and _____

A

presynaptic cell, on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, NMJ

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5
Q

preganglionic neurons whether parasympathetic or sympathetic are _____

A

cholinergic

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6
Q

cholinergic neurons are found in

A

striatum and the basal forebrain cholinergic system

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7
Q

The cholinergic system is key to:

A

cognitive function

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8
Q

what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

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9
Q

are ionotropic and concentrated in NMJs and in ganglionic neurons of the ANS

A

nicotinic

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10
Q

are all metabotropic and utilize numerous 2nd messengers, located throughout the brain

A

muscarinic

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11
Q

high concentrations of muscarinic receptors are found in (5)

A

neocortex
striatum
hippocampus
thalamus
basal forebrain

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12
Q

muscarinic receptors mediate DA neuron excitation meaning they likely have an effect in the _____ and _____ of _____

A

reward
dependance
abused drugs

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13
Q

where are muscarinic receptors located (4)

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle of the gut
secretory glands
pancreas

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14
Q

blockade of muscarinic receptors causes _____

A

dry mouth

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15
Q

drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors are _____ and those that block are _____

A

parasympathomimetic
parasympatholytic

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16
Q

conditions necessary to be early-onset Alzheimers

A

begins before 60
progresses more quickly
has a genetic basis

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17
Q

to attribute mild or major NCD to Alzheimers (2)

A

onset must be insidious
symptoms must progress gradually

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18
Q

cellular pathologies in AD are (2)

A

amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

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19
Q

in AD up to _____ loss of synapses may be the basis for the cognitive deficits

A

45%

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20
Q

risk factors for AD (11)

A

advanced age
family hx of dementia or AD
obesity
untreated HTN
high cholesterol
stress
sedentary lifestyle
head trauma
depression
bipolar
PTSD

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21
Q

_____ are used to treat mild to moderate AD

A

AChE inhibitors

22
Q

improve cognition by increasing acetylcholine in the synapse by reducing its breakdown, it is reversible (give example)

A

cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil)

23
Q

prevents the drastic increase in cell firing that leads to excitotoxicity, without significant SEs (example)

A

NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda)

24
Q

in Parkinson’s, _____ is low and the resulting neurotransmitter imbalance contributes to _____

A

DA
motor symptoms

25
Q

anticholinergic drugs such as (3) are sometimes prescribed instead of L-DOPA in the early stages of Parkinson’s

A

orphenadrine
benztropine mesylate
trihexyphenidyl

26
Q

is a metabolite of tyrosine which is a precursor of DA, can cross the BBB and is converted to DA by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

A

Levodopa

27
Q

_____ cannot cross the BBB

A

DA

28
Q

what peripheral enzyme inhibitor is given with L-DOPA

A

carbidopa

29
Q

what is given with L-DOPA to minimize “off period” motor symptoms

A

MAOI

30
Q

_____ may be used as a monotherapy or to decrease dyskinesias r/t L-DOPA use. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist

A

amantadine

31
Q

what can be used to reduce psychosis without directly affecting DA levels for PD patients

A

pimavanserin

32
Q

a neuro-degenerative d/o with a singular genetic cause, patients tend to be unaware of their own symptoms, involuntary jerky movements

A

huntington’s disease

33
Q

in HD motor symptoms result from degenerative effects on the _____

A

basal ganglia

34
Q

a degenerative d/o with principally motor symptoms, death from resp failure generally in 5 years

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

35
Q

a presynaptic inhibitor of glutamate release that blocks glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity

A

riluzole

36
Q

primarily an autoimmune d/o, a result of chronic attack on the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves

A

multiple sclerosis

37
Q

in MS, the protein in _____ produced by _____ in the CNS is the target

A

myelin, oligodendrocytes

38
Q

_____ is more common in MS patients than the general population

A

depression

39
Q

most common cause of TBI

A

MVA

40
Q

head trauma causes agitation and death to brain tissue d/t influx of _____ and _____

A

influx of extracellular calcium
efflux of potassium ions

41
Q

death to brain tissue causes (3)

A

mitochondrial damage

reduction in the production of ATP

increased oxidative stress

42
Q

_____ play an important role of cleaning up molecular and cellular damage and regeneration of normal cellular function after a TBI

A

microglial cells

43
Q

in TBI frontal-subcortical circuts cause:

A

cognitive and social bx

44
Q

in TBI dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cause (4):

A

memory, decision making, problem solving, mental flexibility

45
Q

in TBI orbitofrontal cortex cause:

A

refelxive social bx, self-monitoring within a social context

46
Q

in TBI anterior cingulate cause:

A

motivation and reward related bxs

47
Q

what is first line treatment for TBIs and affective d/o

A

SSRIswha

48
Q

what is first line treatment for mania and TBI

A

valproate

49
Q

high doses of antipsychotics can

A

lower the seizure threshold

50
Q

benzodiazepines should be used with caution d/t

A

paradoxical disinhibition

51
Q

TBI increases the risk of _____ and _____

A

chronic psychosis
schizophreniza

52
Q

_____ should be used in treatment resistant psychosis

A

clozapine

Neurobiology and Psychopharmacology (9 decks)

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