Neurobiology Final Module 8 Flashcards
this is a key neurotransmitter in the PNS and in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
ACh
ACh is stored and released by _____
vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT)
ACh levels are controlled by _____
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
AChE can be found in _____, _____ and _____
presynaptic cell, on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, NMJ
preganglionic neurons whether parasympathetic or sympathetic are _____
cholinergic
cholinergic neurons are found in
striatum and the basal forebrain cholinergic system
The cholinergic system is key to:
cognitive function
what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors
muscarinic and nicotinic
are ionotropic and concentrated in NMJs and in ganglionic neurons of the ANS
nicotinic
are all metabotropic and utilize numerous 2nd messengers, located throughout the brain
muscarinic
high concentrations of muscarinic receptors are found in (5)
neocortex
striatum
hippocampus
thalamus
basal forebrain
muscarinic receptors mediate DA neuron excitation meaning they likely have an effect in the _____ and _____ of _____
reward
dependance
abused drugs
where are muscarinic receptors located (4)
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle of the gut
secretory glands
pancreas
blockade of muscarinic receptors causes _____
dry mouth
drugs that stimulate muscarinic receptors are _____ and those that block are _____
parasympathomimetic
parasympatholytic
conditions necessary to be early-onset Alzheimers
begins before 60
progresses more quickly
has a genetic basis
to attribute mild or major NCD to Alzheimers (2)
onset must be insidious
symptoms must progress gradually
cellular pathologies in AD are (2)
amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
in AD up to _____ loss of synapses may be the basis for the cognitive deficits
45%
risk factors for AD (11)
advanced age
family hx of dementia or AD
obesity
untreated HTN
high cholesterol
stress
sedentary lifestyle
head trauma
depression
bipolar
PTSD
_____ are used to treat mild to moderate AD
AChE inhibitors
improve cognition by increasing acetylcholine in the synapse by reducing its breakdown, it is reversible (give example)
cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil)
prevents the drastic increase in cell firing that leads to excitotoxicity, without significant SEs (example)
NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda)
in Parkinson’s, _____ is low and the resulting neurotransmitter imbalance contributes to _____
DA
motor symptoms
anticholinergic drugs such as (3) are sometimes prescribed instead of L-DOPA in the early stages of Parkinson’s
orphenadrine
benztropine mesylate
trihexyphenidyl
is a metabolite of tyrosine which is a precursor of DA, can cross the BBB and is converted to DA by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
Levodopa
_____ cannot cross the BBB
DA
what peripheral enzyme inhibitor is given with L-DOPA
carbidopa
what is given with L-DOPA to minimize “off period” motor symptoms
MAOI
_____ may be used as a monotherapy or to decrease dyskinesias r/t L-DOPA use. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist
amantadine
what can be used to reduce psychosis without directly affecting DA levels for PD patients
pimavanserin
a neuro-degenerative d/o with a singular genetic cause, patients tend to be unaware of their own symptoms, involuntary jerky movements
huntington’s disease
in HD motor symptoms result from degenerative effects on the _____
basal ganglia
a degenerative d/o with principally motor symptoms, death from resp failure generally in 5 years
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
a presynaptic inhibitor of glutamate release that blocks glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity
riluzole
primarily an autoimmune d/o, a result of chronic attack on the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves
multiple sclerosis
in MS, the protein in _____ produced by _____ in the CNS is the target
myelin, oligodendrocytes
_____ is more common in MS patients than the general population
depression
most common cause of TBI
MVA
head trauma causes agitation and death to brain tissue d/t influx of _____ and _____
influx of extracellular calcium
efflux of potassium ions
death to brain tissue causes (3)
mitochondrial damage
reduction in the production of ATP
increased oxidative stress
_____ play an important role of cleaning up molecular and cellular damage and regeneration of normal cellular function after a TBI
microglial cells
in TBI frontal-subcortical circuts cause:
cognitive and social bx
in TBI dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cause (4):
memory, decision making, problem solving, mental flexibility
in TBI orbitofrontal cortex cause:
refelxive social bx, self-monitoring within a social context
in TBI anterior cingulate cause:
motivation and reward related bxs
what is first line treatment for TBIs and affective d/o
SSRIswha
what is first line treatment for mania and TBI
valproate
high doses of antipsychotics can
lower the seizure threshold
benzodiazepines should be used with caution d/t
paradoxical disinhibition
TBI increases the risk of _____ and _____
chronic psychosis
schizophreniza
_____ should be used in treatment resistant psychosis
clozapine
