Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 > Neuroanatomy Reticular Formation & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Reticular Formation & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central core of the brainstem?

A

the reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The reticular formation extends into the cerebrum as what?

A

the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The reticular formation (which extends into the cerebrum as the hypothalamus) is important in the regulation of what 6 things?

A

1) posture
2) some motor behaviors
3) the internal environment
4) pain
5) sleep and wakefulness
6) emotional tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The three major cell columns of the reticular formation are what?

A

1) median reticular formation (raphe nuclei)
2) paramedian reticular formation (magnocellular neurons)
3) lateral reticular formation (parvocellular neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the main sensory input to the reticular formation?

A

parvocellular nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Point out the reticular formation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does the limbic system input to the reticular formation? If so, what areas contribute to its input?

A

yes, and the input comes from the hippocampus, the amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are the outward projections from the reticular formation afferent or efferent?

A

efferent, to the spinal cord, limbic system, and all of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What part of the brain is serotonin associated with?

A

The raphe nuclei which projects to all regions of the cortex. Serotonin minimizes distractions, is involved with day-night cycle, suppresses pain, elevates mood, and is a common element in antidepressant medications (SSRIs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the brain is dopamine associated with?

A

Substantia nigra which projects to basal ganglia and is important in motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an easy way to remember the function of dopamine?

A

DOpamine “DOes” things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify the ventral tegmentum and the substantia nigra

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dopamine is associated with mesolimbic fibers and mesocortical fibers. To where do each project and what is associated with each?

A

mesolimbic fibers project to the limbic system and nucleus accumbens (signals emotional reward, is involved in drug dependency, and schizophrenia)

mesocortical fibers project to the entire cerebral cortex; especially the prefrontal lobe (organized thinking and planning [schizophrenia] )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The locus cerules, associated with norepinephrine, projects where and does what?

A

projects to the entire cerebral cortex and alerts cortex to novel stimuli (potential threats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The ventrolateal medulla, associated with norepinephrine, projects where and does what?

A

projects to the spinal cord and inhibits pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two places in the brain is acetylcholine associated with

A

dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (important in ascending reticular activating system and control of sleep and wakefulness)

basal forebrain (basal nucleus) (supports cognition which is lost in alzheimers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the ascending reticular activating system?

A

dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (ACh, NE, and 5HT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

To what two organs do the fibers of the ascending reticular activating system go?

A

1) thalamus (to alert the cerebral cortex and maintain wakefulness)
2) preoptic portion of the hypothalamus (to block sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inhibition of activity of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus produces what result?

A

wakefulness, associated with the ASCENDING reticular activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Activity in what organ helps MAINTAIN the state of wakefulness (in contrast to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus PRODUCING wakefulness)

A

the lateral hypothalamus MAINTAINS wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Once every 24 hours, the _____ area of the _____ becomes dominant and switches off the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to produce sleep

A

preoptic, hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Precalculated rhythmic motor patters are associated with which three activities?

A

1) locomotion (gigantocellular nuclei)
2) eye movement control (paramedian pontine reticular formation)
3) chewing (supratrigeminal nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The supratrigeminal nucleus alternates activation between what two things?

A

jaw opening and jaw closing muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two theories that desribe bruxism activities?

A

1) malocclusion
2) sleep disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where in the brain is the periaqueductal gray found?

A

midbrain (immediately surrounding the cerebral aqueduct)

26
Q

What two systems input to the periaqueductal gray?

A

1) limbic system
2) ascending sensory systems

27
Q

Output of the periaqueductal gray goes to where?

A

the lower brainstem reticular formation including the nucleus raphe magnus, trigeminal spinal nucleus, and spinal cord

28
Q

Activity in which area of the brain inhibits incoming pain signals?

A

periaqueductal gray

29
Q

what part of the brain specifically regulates heart & respiration rates?

A

periaqueductal gray

30
Q

Does the periaqueductal gray initiate panic behavior?

A

yes

31
Q

What is the major function of the cerebellum?

A

motor coordination

32
Q

What are the three divisions of the cerebellum?

A

1) vestibulocerebellum
2) spinocerebellum
3) neocerebellum

33
Q

What are the three cerebellar nuclei?

A

1) fastigial nucleus
2) interposed nucleus
3) dentate nucleus

34
Q

What are the three cell types in the cerebellum?

A

1) granular cell
2) purkinje cell
3) cerebellar nuclear cell

35
Q

In the cerebellum, zones and microzones include groups of what kind of cells?

A

purkinje cells

36
Q

In the cerebellum, what kind of fibers run parallel to folia?

A

parallel fibers

37
Q

Purkinje cell dendrites lie (parallel or perpedicular) to parallel fibers?

A

perpendicular

38
Q

Are zones and microzones in the cerebellum (with their groups of purkinje cells) served by input from a single area or multiple areas?

A

single area

39
Q

identify the three divisions of the cerebellum

A
40
Q

mossy fibers arise from _____ _____ & _____ sensory pathways

A

1) spinal cord
2) brainstem

41
Q

Granular cells are _____ and give rise to _____ fibers

A

excitatory

parallel

42
Q

Activation of granular cells happens via what?

A

via mossy fibers

43
Q

activation of granular cells produces what from purkinje cells?

A

simple spikes

44
Q

Purkinje cell axons are _____ and are the only fibers the leave the _____

A

inhibitory, cerebral cortex

45
Q

Climbing fibers arise from the _____ and provide excitatory input to the _____ and cause the ____ cell to produce complex spikes

A

inferior olive, purkinje dendrites, purkinje

46
Q

interneurons include _____, _____, &_____ and are also GABAergic (_____)

A

stellate, basket, golgi neurons

inhibitory

47
Q

Purkinje cells project to _____

A

cerebellar nuclei

48
Q

Cerebellar nuclei project to ____

A

the thalamus

49
Q

Thalamus projects to _____

A

motor cortex

50
Q

motor cortex projects to _____

A

basilar pons

51
Q

Basilar pons projects _____ to _____

A

mossy fibers to granular cells

52
Q

granular cells project to _____

A

purkinje cells

53
Q

The olivo-cerebellar circuit controls _____

A

timing

54
Q

Activation of climbing fibers to produce _____ complex spikes called a _____ signal

A

purkinje

teaching

55
Q

What are the three peduncles of the cerebellum and are they primary input and output

A

inferior - input

middle - input

superior - output

56
Q

The function of the vestibulocerebellum is what two things?

A

1) coordination of eye movements
2) balance

57
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

coordination of spinal cord generated movements and balance

58
Q

What are the two functions of the pontocerebellum?

A

1) coordination of upper extremity
2) coordination of speech

59
Q

What are 2 effects of a lesion of the vestibulocerebellum

A

1) back and fourth eye movements (nystagmus)
2) disturbances in balance while seated (truncal ataxia)

60
Q

What is the effect of a lesion of the spinocerebellum?

A

Stance and gait ataxia (“can you walk on this white line?”)

61
Q

Effect of a lesion in the neocerebellum?

A

involvement of arm and speech

  • rapid alternating movements
  • finger to nose
  • scanning or explosive speech
62
Q
A

Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions