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Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 > Histology Endocrine System > Flashcards

Histology Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What type of glands secrete onto a surface, either directly or via a duct

A

exocrine glands

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2
Q

What type of glands secrete internally, are ductless, secrete hormones, and primarily utilize the cardiovascular system for distribution?

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

There are two types of hormones. They are:

A

circulating hormones and local hormones (local include paracrine and autocrine)

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4
Q

What types of body parts does the hypothalamus control?

A

visceral functions

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5
Q

What types of functions does the hypothalamus include?

A

regulation of body temp, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles, sexual behavior, and endocrine system function

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6
Q

the hypothalamus is the major link between what two systems?

A

endocrine and nervous

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7
Q

What is considered the “command center for the endocrine system”

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

How many hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

9

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9
Q

Briefly describe the number of hormones that go to each part of the pituitary, where they come from, and what about them is unique?

A

All of the hormones to the pituitary are coming from the hypothalamus. There are 5 RELEASING hormones going to the anterior pituitary, 2 INHIBITING hormones going to the anterior pituitary, and 2 OTHER hormones going to the posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as what?

A

hypophysis

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13
Q

What sits in the hypophyseal fossa within the sella turcia of the sphenoid bone?

A

pituitary gland

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14
Q

Name the three divisions of the anterior pituitary gland

A

1) pars distalis (bulk of anteior lobe… epithelial cells interspersed with fenestrated capillaries)
2) pars intermedia (thin remnant)
3) pars tuberalis (forms a collar or sheath around infundibulum, most cells here are basophilic gonadotropic cells)

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15
Q

Name the two divisions of the posterior pituitary gland

A

1) pars nerosa (neurosecretory axons and their endings)
2) infundibulum (neurosecretory axons forming hypothalamo-hypophyseal tracts)

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Of the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes, which is the larger and more well defined of the two?

A

posterior

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18
Q

What is the embryological name for the future posterior pituitary? anterior?

A

posterior: neurohypophyseal bud
anterior: hypophyseal pouch

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19
Q

At what week in embryological development do the hypophyseal pouch and neurohypophyseal bud form?

A

week 3

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20
Q

During what period of pregnancy have the anterior and posterior pituitary fully formed?

A

fetal period

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21
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is derived in part from an outpocketing of the _____ lining the roof of the mouth called the _____ pouch and in part from an outpocketing of the _____ lining the floor of the hypothalamus called the neurohypophyseal bud

A

ectoderm

hypophyseal

neuroectoderm

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22
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary develops from the roof of the mouth?

A

anterior lobe

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23
Q

Hypothalmic hormones travel down the axons of _____ neurons to the axon terminals where they exit into the pituitary via exocytosis

A

neurosecretory

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24
Q

The hormones of the hypothalamus diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system via what?

A

primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system (fenestrated capillaries)

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25
Q

Which structure brings hormones from the primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system to the pars distalis of the pituitary gland?

A

secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

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26
Q

What are the two large groupings of secretory cells stored in the pars distalis based on staining affinity?

A

1) chromophils
2) chromophobes

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27
Q

What are the two divisions of the chromophilic secretory cells in the pituitary gland?

A

1) basophils (gonadotropic, corticotropic, & thyrotropic)
2) acidophils (somatotropic, mammotropic)

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28
Q

Name the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

1) HGH
2) TSH (thyroid stim)
3) FSH (follicle stim)
4) LH
5) Prolactin
6) ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic)
7) MSH (melanocyte-stimulating)

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29
Q

What percent of the pars distalis cells are chromophobes?

A

50%

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30
Q

HGH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

somatotrophs, acidophil

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31
Q

TSH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

thyrotrophs, basophil

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32
Q

FSH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

gonadotrophs, basophil

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33
Q

LH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

gonadotrophs, basophil

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34
Q

Prolactin is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

lactotrophs, basophil

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35
Q

ACTH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

corticotrophs, basophil

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36
Q

MSH is secreted by _____ and is an _____

A

corticotrophs, basophil

37
Q

acidophils stain _____ and basophils stain ____

A

light pink

purple/blue

38
Q

What is the main role of HGH and what does it stimulate the secretion of?

A

it stimulates the liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete IGFs which promote growth of body cells, tissue repair, etc

39
Q

What is the main role of TSH?

A

it stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

40
Q

What is the main role of FSH?

A

in femalse, it initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens. In males, it stimulates testes to produce sperm

41
Q

What is the main action of LH?

A

in females, it stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males, it stimulates testes to produce testosterone

42
Q

What is the main role of PRL (prolactin)?

A

Together with other hormones, it promotes milk secretion by the mammary glands

43
Q

What is the role of ACTH?

A

it stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex

44
Q

What is the main role of MSH?

A

the exact role is unknown but it can influence brain activity and can cause darkness of skin in high doses

45
Q

be able to distinguish between the pars nervosa and pars distalis on a stained tissue section (remember that the pars distalis stains darker and more densel than the pars nervosa)

A
46
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary synthesize?

A

none

47
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland store and secrete

A

Oxytocin and ADH

48
Q

What is the most common cell type in the posterior pituitary?

A

pituicytes (a type of glial cell with many branches resembling an astrocyte that associates with the fenestrated capillaries)

49
Q

Where are hormones stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

the axon terminal as well as the dilated portions of the axons near the terminals called HERRING BODIES

50
Q

What stimulates the secretion of oxytocin?

A

uterine distension and stimulation of nipples

51
Q

What is the principal action of oxytocin?

A

to stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and cells in mammary glands

52
Q

What controls the secretion of ADH?

A

elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress

53
Q

What is the principal action of ADH

A

to conserve body water by decreasing uring volume, lowering perpiration, and raising blood pressure by constricting arterioles

54
Q

What are the two major divisions of the adrenal glands?

A

cortex and medulla

55
Q

The the cortex or the medulla the larger of the two areas within the adrenal gland?

A

the cortex is larger

56
Q

Is the cortex or the medulla the part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroids?

A

the cortex secretes steroids

57
Q

Does the cortex or the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete catecholamine?

A

the medulla secretes catecholamine

58
Q

label the layers of the adrenal gland

A
59
Q

name the bottom 4 adrenal layers and their respective secretions

A
60
Q

be able to distinguish histological sections of the glomerular zone, the fascicular zone, and the retiular zone of the adrenal gland

A
61
Q

What is the main role of aldosterone?

A

to regulate Na+and K+ and water in order to control blood pressure

62
Q

What is the main role of cortisol?

A

to regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism as well as suppress the immune system in response to stress

63
Q

What is the main role of DHEA?

A

to assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes

64
Q

What is the main role of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

to intensify sympathetic responses in various parts of the body

65
Q

The adrenal medulla is a modified _____ ganglion of the ____ nervous system

A

sympathetic, autonomic

66
Q

The adrenal medulla develops from _____ cells

A

neural crest!

67
Q

Do the cells in the adrenal medulla have axons?

A

No. Instead of releasing neurotransmitters via neural axons, they use modified neurons called CHROMAFFIN CELLS which cluster around blood vessels and release hormones directly into the blood stream. These chromaffin cells are controlled by sympathetic PREGANGLIONIC neurons which allow quick signaling

68
Q

From which part of the adrenal gland are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted?

A

adrenal MEDULLA

69
Q

What cells within the pancreas are endocrine?

A

Islets of langerhan

70
Q

What is characteristic about the staining of the islets of langerhan within the pancreas?

A

they tend to stain pale compared to the exocrine portion (the pancreatic acini)

71
Q

What cells of the pancreas are exocrine?

A

pancreatic acinar cells

72
Q

What are the three principle cells of the islets of langerhans?

A

1) Beta (B) cells. Make up 70% of the islet, synthesize and secrete insulin
2) Alpha (A) cells. Make up 17% of the islet, synthesize and secrete glucagon
3) Delta (D) cells. Make up 7% of islet, synthesize and secrete somatostatin (identical to growth hormone-inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus)

73
Q

Insulin _____ blood glucose levels as it signals for an acceleration of _____ transport into cells and the conversion of glucose into _____

A

lowers

glucose

glycogen (aka glycogenesis)

74
Q

What chemical synthesized and released in the pancreas raises blood sugar levels?

A

glucagon (from alpha cells)

75
Q

What chemical synthesized and released from the pancreas inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion?

A

somatostatin (from delta cells)

76
Q

know the approximate appearance of pancreatic islet cells

A
77
Q

The walls of the thyroid gland are made up of follicular cells. What cell type are these?

A

simple squamous to low columnar

78
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

1) T4 (4 atoms of iodione)
2) T3 (3 atoms of iodine)

79
Q

The gel-like mass found within thyroid follicles is called what?

A

colloid

80
Q

Parafollicular cells (C cells) within the thyroid are responsible for the production of what?

A

calcitonin

81
Q

be able to identify and label the types of cells and membranes within a histological section of thyroid tissue

A
82
Q

_____ feedback mechanism control the release of calcitonin from parafollicular (C) cells within the thyroid gland

A

negative feedback

83
Q

High blood Ca levels _____ the release of calcitonin

A

stimulate

84
Q

Low blood Ca levels ____ the secretion of calcitonin

A

inhibit

85
Q

What two cell types are located within parathyroid glands?

A

1) chief cells (most numerous, pale-staining)
2) oxyphil cells (larger, very acidophilic, unknown function)

86
Q

What cells produce parathyroid hormone?

A

chief cells in the parathyroid gland

87
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone

A

parathyroid hormone increases the level of Ca in the blood by stimulating bones to release Ca. PTH also prevents Ca loss from blood into urine

88
Q
A

Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 (11 decks)

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