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Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 > Neuroanatomy Cranial Neves V and VII > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Cranial Neves V and VII Flashcards

1
Q

The facial nerve makes up how many roots in the brainstem?

A

2

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2
Q

The facial nerve proper consists of what types of fibers?

A

special visceral efferent (SVE)

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3
Q

Nervus intermedius of VII contains what types of fibers?

A

GVE and sensory fibers

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4
Q

What type of facial nerve fibers control the muscles of facial expression?

A

special visceral efferent (SVE)

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5
Q

The superior salivary nucleus which includes the submandibular ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion are made up of what type of fibers?

A

GVE (general visceral efferent)

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6
Q

What type of fibers innervate the skin of the ear?

A

general somatic afferent (GSA) from VII (from the trigeminal spinal nucleus)

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7
Q

What types of fibers innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

special visceral afferent (SVA) from VII originating in the solitary nucleus

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8
Q

What types of fibers innervate the palatine tonsil?

A

general visceral afferent (GVA) from VII originating in the solitary nucleus

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9
Q

Fibers of the facial nerve exit the skull through which foramen?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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10
Q

Through which gland do facial nerve fibers pass?

A

parotid gland

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11
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the external ear?

A

posterior auricular branch

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic component of the facial nerve?

A

nervus intermedius

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13
Q

What are the three parasympathetic nervus intermedius branches?

A

1) superior salivatory nucleus
2) greater petrosal nerve (pterygopalatine ganglion)
3) chorda tympani nerve (to submandibular ganglion)

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14
Q

Which fibers control the stapedius muscle?

A

SVE of VII (special visceral efferent)

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15
Q

What types of fibers control lacrimation?

A

general visceral efferent (GVE) fibers of VII

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16
Q

Which nerve is responsible for Bell’s Palsy?

A

VII lesion

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17
Q

Do one or both of the facial nerve components pass through the facial canal?

A

both

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18
Q

Do all fibers of VII exit the stylomastoid foramen together?

A

no, some of them branch off before the foramen

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19
Q

What three facial nerve branches branch off before the majority of the nerve exits via the stylomastoid formen?

A

1) stapedial nerve
2) branch to pterygopalatine ganglion
3) chorda tympani nerve

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20
Q

The chorda tympani nerve branches into two branches. What are they?

A

1) GVE to salivary glands
2) SVA from tongue

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21
Q

What is the cause of the crocodile tears?

A

parasympathetic fibers to submandibular ganglion have been re-routed to pterygopalatine ganglion

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22
Q

What happens to the person during a VII supranuclear lesion?

A

there is paralysis of muscles of facial expression below the level of the eye on the OPPOSITE side of the lesion

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23
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

noxious stimulus that evokes pain sensation greater than normal

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24
Q

What is allodynia?

A

non-noxious stimulus that evokes pain sensation

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25
Q

Periphreal sensitization is a result of the stimulation of what type of nerve endings?

A

afferent

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26
Q

What does repeated periphreal stimulation result in?

A

autosentisitzation (a form of hyperalgesia)

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27
Q

What are sensitizing agents for periphreal sensitization?

A

1) bradykinin
2) norepinephrine
3) prostaglandins
4) serotonin

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28
Q

Is periphreal sensitization reversible?

A

yes, quickly

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29
Q

Intense and prolonged stimulation of nociceptive fibers can result in what?

A

1) modification of periphreal receptor (due to increased gene expression) resulting in:
- enhanced receptor sensitivity
- increased number of receptor sites

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30
Q

Intense and prolonged stimulation of nociceptive fibers can result in what?

A

1) enhanced receptor sensitivity
2) increased number of receptor sites

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31
Q

In what part of the midbrain does central sensitization take place?

A

posterior horn/trigeminal spinal nucleus

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32
Q

Enhanced activity of C (pain) fibers results in what two things?

A

1) increased sensitivity of glutamate receptors
2) suppressed activity of inhibitory interneurons

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33
Q

What happens to microglia during various activities?

A

their morphology changes

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34
Q

The resting state of microglial cells is also known as what?

A

the surveillance state

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35
Q

The activated state of microglial cells is also known as what?

A

enhanced response state (enlarged, amoeboid configuration)

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36
Q

How many contacts per hour do microglial cells make and for how long do they persist?

A

1 contact per hour and for 5 minutes

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37
Q

Astrocytes interact between neuron and what?

A

nearby vascular supply

38
Q

Astrocytes recycle neurotransmitters including what?

A

glutamate

39
Q

What are the two states of astrocte cells

A

1) active (normal)
2) reactive (during a state of pain hypersensitivity)

40
Q

Astrocytes release factors that do what two things?

A

1) enhance synaptic activity
2) promote microglia into “enhanced response state”

41
Q

What is the main promoter factor of periphreal inflammation?

A

ATP

42
Q

What type of nerve cell releases inflammatory cytokines which activate neurons within the spinal cord dorsal horn/trigeminal spinal nucleus

A

microglial cells

43
Q

If periphreal inflammatory situation resolves, the microglia enhanced response state returns to its what?

A

resting state

44
Q

During chronic neuropathic pain, _____ remain in an _____ _____ _____ that continue to release inflammatory cytokines

A

microglia, enhanced response state

45
Q

What process is responsible for the continuing, persistent pain of neuropathic pain?

A

positive feedback from microglia

46
Q

Are the borders between trigeminal innervation regions sharp or overlapped?

A

sharp

47
Q

Can borders between trigeminal innervation regions vary between individuals?

A

yes

48
Q

What percentage of fibers in the trigeminal nerve are C fibers?

A

2/3

49
Q

From what pharyngeal arch are the muscles of mastication derived?

A

arch I

50
Q

What type of nerve fibers are the trigeminal motor nerves?

A

special visceral efferent (SVE)

51
Q

In what area does the trigeminal motor nucleus lie?

A

dorsolateral pontine tegmentum

52
Q

What is responsible for the rhythmic actions of the motor neurons?

A

the reticular formation

53
Q

What is larger; the motor root or the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve?

A

sensory

54
Q

What is easier to determine; jaw opening strength or jaw closing strength?

A

closing

55
Q

What types of fibers serve neuromuscular spindles of mastication muscles?

A

GSAp (general somatic afferent proprioceptive) fibers

56
Q

What types of fibers are involved with pressure/tension receptors in periodontal ligaments?

A

GSAp

57
Q

What is the cell body of origin for CN V proprioceptive fibers?

A

trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

58
Q

Where do the CN V proprioceptive fibers project to?

A

trigeminal spinal nucleus and supratrigeminal nucleus

59
Q

What is an imporant role of CN V proprioceptive fibers relating to occlusion?

A

they control the distance between the madible and the maxilla (occlusal vertical dimension)

60
Q

Where is the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus found?

A

rostral pons and mesencephalon adjacent to the ventricle

61
Q

What types of cells are present in the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

unipolar cells of neural crest origin

62
Q

What is the role of the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

proprioception of the face (GSAp)

63
Q

What type of fibers are associated with the jaw-jerk reflex?

A

GSAp (neuromuscular spindle, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus)

SVE (trigeminal motor nucleus, muscles of mastication)

64
Q

Sensation of the skin of face, the oronasal mucous membranes, the teeth, and the dura mater are what types of fibers?

A

CN V GSAe (general somatic afferent exteroceptive) sensations

65
Q

What types of sensations do GSAe (extroceptive) fibers pick up?

A

pain, crude touch, temperature

66
Q

What are the three parts of the trigeminal spinal nucleus?

A

1) pars oralis
2) pars interpolaris
3) pars caudalis

67
Q

What types of pain are transmitted via the GSAe spinal nucleus?

A

fast pain and slow pain

68
Q

Which 4 cranial nerves are transmitted via the trigeminal spinal nucleus?

A

V, VII, IX, X

69
Q

What percentage of tooth pulp fibers are A-delta and C fibers?

A

70-80%

70
Q

What percentage of tooth pulp fibers are A-beta fibers?

A

10-30%

71
Q

Where do the majority of tooth pulp fibers project to?

A

trigeminal principal sensory nucleus

72
Q

Which of the three trigeminal spinal nuclei has the heaviest and least heavy projection?

A

heaviest: pars oralis
middle: pars interpolaris
least: pars caudalis

73
Q

____ receives input from intraoral and perioral structures

A

pars oralis of trigeminal spinal nucleus

74
Q

Where is the pars caudalis of the trigeminal spinal nucleus found?

A

medullary posterior horn (MPH)

75
Q

_____ of the trigeminal spinal nucleus contains excitatory and inhibitory interneurons and receives raphe spinal tract fibers (serotonin)

A

substantia gelatinosa

76
Q

Pars caudalis of the trigeminal spinal nucleus receives afferents from cranial nerves: (3)

A

1) VII
2) IX
3) X

all of the above are from the ear

77
Q

The pars caudalis of the trigeminal spinal nucleus are targets of what types of fibers?

A

A-delta and C fibers

78
Q

Fibers from superficial structures including oral cavity and TMJ are sent where?

A

to the pars caudalis of the trigeminal spinal nucleus

79
Q

What 4 areas of the midbrain contain estrogen receptors?

A

1) trigeminal spinal nucleus
2) parabrachial nucleus
3) periaqueductal gray
4) hypothalamus

80
Q

High estrogen levels and stress increase activity in _____ caudalis laminae in response to pain

A

trigeminal spinal nucleus

81
Q

_____ normally dampens pain-induce activity in trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis

A

GABA

82
Q

_____-ergic activity is suppressed by high estrogen levels

A

GABA

83
Q

Oculo-cardiac reflex, nasal mucosa, face diving reflex, needle insertion into trigeminal, TMJ surgery are all examples of what?

A

trigeminocardiac reflex

84
Q

Trigeminocardiac reflex results in what?

A

bradycardia (increased vagal tone) of the solitary nucleus and nucleus ambiguus, apnea, arterial hypotension, & gastric hypermobility

85
Q

What type of pain is associated with trigeminal neuralgia?

A

excruciating, lancing pain

86
Q

Is the pain of trigeminal neuralgia usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

unilateral

87
Q

What divisions of the face are affected by trigeminal neuralgia?

A

mandibular (Viii) and opthalmic (Vi)

88
Q

What nucleus is responsible for two-point discrimination as well as vibratory sense?

A

trigeminal principal sensory nucleus

89
Q

Where do the two ascending trigeminal pathways terminate?

A

ventral posteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM)

90
Q

Which eye closes during a direct corneal reflex? During a consensual?

A

direct: ipsilateral
consensual: contralateral

91
Q
A

Gross Anatomy Semester 2 Exam 3 (11 decks)

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