Neuroanatomy and Neurologic Examination Basics Flashcards
What law applies to vergence of yoked muscles?
a. Sherrington’s Law
b. Hering’s Law
c. Harrington’s Law
d. None of the above
b. Hering’s Law
Unilateral lesion fo the PPRF produces which of the findings?
a. ipsilateral gaze deviation
b. gaze evoked nystagmus towards the side of the lesion
c. loss of horizontal saccades directed towards the side of the lesion
d. Loss of horizontal saccades away from the side of the lesion
c. Loss of horizontal saccades directed towards the side of the lesion
All are part of the frontal assessment battery test except A. Lexical fluency b. Similarities c. Conflicting instructions d. None of the above
d. none of the above
Components include:
a. Similarities (Conceptualization)
b. Lexical fluency (Mental flexibility)
c. Motor series( Luria test)
d. Conflicting instructions (sensitivity to interference)
e. Go- no go( inhibitory control)
f. prehension behavior (environmental autonomy)
Frontal executive functions includes:
a. planning and organizational skills
b. motivation
c. problem solving
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which part of the prefrontal cortex is important in organization of self ordered tasks?
a. Orbitofrontal cortex
b. Medial prefrontal cortex
c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
d. all of the above
c. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The following are innervated by the oculomotor nerve except A. Muller’s muscle B. Superior Rectus C. Pupillary Constrictors D. Inferior Oblique
A. Muller’s Muscle
How many centimeters away from the patient should the examiner’s finger be when testing fro the range of movement of the eyes? A. 30 cm B. 40 cm C. 50 cm D. 60 cm
C.50 CM
What is the afferent arc of the gag reflex?
a. CN VIII
b. CN IX
c. CN X
d. CN XI
b. CN IX
Proper technique for hyperventilation test requires asking the patient to breathe as deeply and quickly as possible for a full:
a. 1 minute
b. 2 minutes
c. 3 minutes
d. 4 minutes
a. 1 minute
Central relay nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives both ascending and descending input?
a. superior colliculus
b. inferior colliculus
c. medial geniculate body
d. lateral geniculate body
b. inferior colliculus
A special sensory nucleus of the thalamus that is the final relay station in the auditory pathway
a. pulvinar
b. Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
c. medial geniculate body
d. lateral geniculate body
c. medial geniculate body
True or false. The primary auditory cortex is tonotropically organized with high frequencies medial and low frequencies lateral.
True
Largest sensory ganglion in the peripheral nervous system
Trigeminal ganglion or gasserian ganglion/semilunar ganglion
Looking in the direction of the fast phase of a jerk nystagmus increases its amplitude
What law?
Alexander’s Law
A unilateral corneal arcus is diagnostic of what condition?
Carotid artery stenosis
If the palate fails to elevate when the patient says Ah but does not elevate during the gag reflex, there is a lesion of the ____.
UMN
In activating muscles for voluntary contractions, the cerebrum communicates with the cerebellum via the corticopontocerebellar pathway, which ends mainly in the ________ lobe of the cerebellum.
posterior
Rods mediate
a. peripheral field of vision
b. night vision
c. motion detection
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Rhythmic dilation and contraction of pupils
hippus
outflow pathway of the olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
principal neurons of the olfactory bulb
mitral cells and tufted cells
what are the parts of the limbic system
5
CUSIP
Cingulate gyrus Uncus Subcallosal gyrus isthmus of the cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus
3 regions of the hippocampal formation
- hippocampus
- dentate gyrus
- subiculum
field in the hippocampus which is highly sensitive to anoxia and ischemia
CA1
sommer’s sector
only neurons which contribute to the outflow tract from the hippocampus
a. principal neurons (pyramidal neurons)
b. intrinsic neurons (polymorphic cell, basket cell)
a. principal neurons
Responsible for initiation of horizontal eye movements
gaze center in frontal lobe
pulse generation for horizontal saccades is located in the
PPRF
paramedian pontine reticular formation
pulse generator for vertical saccades is located in the
mesencephalic RiMLF
rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
which area of the cortex has a prominent layer V and contains the giant pyramidal cells of Betz?
A. Auditory cortex
B. Frontal eye fields
C. Primary motor cortex
D. Visual Cortex
C. Primary motor Cortex
Which area of the cortex has a prominent layer IV (internal granular layer)?
A. Primary motor Cortex
B. Primary Sensory Cortex
C. Frontal eye Fields
D. Visual Cortex
B. Primary Sensory Cortex
> receives information from the thalamus
Which neurotransmitter is used by the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex?
A. Acetylcholine
B. GABA
C. Glutamate
D. Glycine
C. Glutamate (excitatory)
others:
Glycine - prominent in the spinal cord
This dense band of horizontally oriented fibers are formed from fibers originating from the thalamic sensory nuclei and are prominent in the PRIMARY CORTICAL SENSORY areas
Internal band of Baillarger
bilateral lesions of which area can cause ageusia (lack of taste)?
a. insular cortex
b. pars triangularis
c. superior temporal gyrus
d. inferior temporal gyrus
a. insular cortex
stimulation of which area of the cortex in one hemisphere can produce bilateral movement?
a. supplementary motor area
b. inferior frontal gyrus
c. prefrontal cortex
d. cingulate gyrus
a. supplementary motor area
which of the following gyri is primary auditory cortex?
A. angular gyrus
B. inferior temporal gyrus
C. Middle temporal gyrus
D. Transverse gyrus of Heschl
D. Transverse gyrus of Heschl
aka. Brodmann area 41 and 42
T/F
Unilateral injury to the primary auditory cortex causes ipsilateral hearing loss
False!
Unilateral injury to the primary auditory cortex DOES NOT cause hearing loss
Frontal eye fields are located in the
A. Superior frontal gyrus
B. Middle frontal gyrus
C. Inferior frontal gyrus
D. Precentral gyrus
B. Middle frontal gyrus
Which area of the cortex directs the activity of the primary motor cortex, assisting in grasping, reaching and skilled movements?
Premotor Cortex
BA 6
Which area of the cortex is involved in social behavior, conscious perception of smell and awareness of flavors?
A lesion in this area may cause disinhibition, socially inappropriate behavior
orbitofrontal cortex
Which area of the cortex is involved in planning, judgment, problem solving, executive function
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Which area of the cortex is involved with motivation?
mesial frontal cortex
and
anterior cingulate gyrus
which of the following structures most directly connects the hippocampi?
A. Stria terminalis
B. Hippocampal commissure
C. Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
D. Medial forebrain bundle
B. Hippocampal commissure
Which of the following is the largest commissure?
A. Anterior commissure
B. Posterior commissure
C. Corpus callosum
D. Hippocampal commissure
C. Corpus callosum
Which of the following structure connects the frontal lobe with the temporal and occipital lobe?
A. Cingulum
B. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
C. Superior longitudinal fasciculus
D. Projection fiber
C. superior longitudinal fasciculus
Cingulum - anterior perforate substance with parahippocampal gyrus
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - connects temporal with occipital lobe
Projection fibers - connects cerebral cortex to other subcortical structures, brainstem and spinal cord
uncinate fasciculus - inferior frontal lobe with anterior temporal lobe
In the papez circuit,
which structure carries information from the hippocampal formation to the mammillary bodies?
Fornix
Which of the following is the major input and output relay between vision, auditory and somatosensory association cortex and the hippocampus?
A. Entorrhinal cortex
B. Fornix
C. Piriform cortex
D. Periamygdaloid cortex
A. Entorrhinal cortex
- Which limbic structure is part of the VENTRAL STRIATUM and is involved in motivation, habits and rewards?
A. amygdala
b. cingulate gyrus
c. nucleus accumbens
d. subthalamic nucleus
- what is the neurotransmitter in this process?
- C. Nucleus accumbens
2. Dopamine
This band of myelinated fibers runs along the rostrocaudal extent of the thalamus and separates the medial from the lateral group of nuclei
internal medullary lamina
Which nucleus is most likely to be injured in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
a. anterior nucleus
b. ventral anterior nucleus
c. mediodorsal nucleus
d. pulvinar
c. mediodorsal nucleus
lesions of the medulla can cause which of the following?
A. neurogenic pulmonary edema B. Early satiety C. Inability to sneeze D. Ondine's curse E. All of the above
all of the above!
only neuron that sends its axons outside the cerebellum. Considered as the principal neuron of the cerebellum
A. Basket Cell B. Purkinje cell C. Stellate Cell D. Golgi Cell E. Granule Cell
B. Purkinje cell
which region of the cerebellum coordinates movement of the trunk?
A. Cerebellar Hemisphere
B. Paravermis
C. Vermis
C. Vermis
A. Cerebellar Hemisphere - ipsilateral fine motor control
B. Paravermis - limb movement
C. Vermis - truncal tone and movement
Lesions of which lobe of the cerebellum cause the rostral vermis syndrome, which is characterized by a wide based stance and gait ataxia?
A. Anterior
B. Flocculonodular
C. Posterior
A. Anterior
Anterior lobe - receives majority of the input from the spinocerebellar tracts
causes rostral vermis syndrome
Flocculonodular lobe: caudal vermis syndrome
- head and trunk tremor, truncal imbalance, nystagmus
Posterior lobe
cerebellar hemispheric syndrome
ataxia of the ipsilateral appendicular movement
Lesions of which structure can cause head and trunk tremor, truncal imbalance and nystagmus?
A. cerebrocerebellum
B. Spinocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
C. Vestibulocerebellum
Which deep cerebellar nucleus is responsible for fine motor dexterity?
A. Dentate
B. Emboliform
C. Globose
D. Fastigial
A. Dentate
Which peduncle carries most the output from the cerebellum?
A. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
B. Middle cerebellar peduncle
C. Superior cerebellar peduncle
C. Superior cerebellar peduncle
Which type of cell is the major source of inhibitory output from the cerebellar cortex?
A. Purkinje cell
B. Stellate Cell
C. Basket cell
D. Granule cell
A. Purkinje cell
Purkinje cells inhibit the deep cerebellar nuclei and are the major source of inhibitory output from the cerebellar cortex
Axons of some purkinje cells project to vestibular nuclei
which cranial nerve is responsible for general sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
A. Trigeminal nerve
B. Facial nerve
C. Glossopharyngeal nerve
D. Vagus nerve
A. Trigeminal nerve
general sensation!! of anterior 2/3 of tongue
taste of anterior 2/3 - facial
taste of posterior 1/3 - CN 9
The only tongue muscle innervated by Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)?
palatoglossus
Which of the following is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
a. genioglossus
b. palatoglossus
c. hyoglossus
d. styloglossus
b. palatoglossus
AKA vertical gaze center
rostral interstitial nucleus of the Medial longitudinal fasciculus
riMLF
Relay center for hearing
medial geniculate nucleus
thalamic relay center for auditory stimuli
medial geniculate nucleus
only cell in the cerebellum that in excitatory
a. purkinje cell
b. stellate cell
c. granule cell
d. golgi type II cell
e. basket cell
c. granule cell
