Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is collection of nerve cells bodies in CNS called?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS called?

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CN1?

A

Olfactory

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CN II?

A

Optic

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CN III?

A

Oculomotor

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CN IV?

A

Trochlear

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CN V?

A

Trigeminal

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CN VI?

A

Abducens

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CN VII?

A

Facial

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CN X?

A

Vagus

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CN XI?

A

Spinal accessory

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CN XIO?

A

Hypoglossal

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves in each segment?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral
1 coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sensory axons are provides by what roots?

A

Posterior roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Motor axons are provided by what root?

A

Anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathway of sensory axons?

A

Spinal nerve -> posterior root -> posterior rootlets -> posterior horn of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pathway of motor axons?

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord -> anterior rootlets -> anterior root-> spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Parasympathetic outflow?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

Sacral spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sympathetic outflow?

A

T1-L2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Curvatures of the back?

A

Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacral kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Extrinsic back muscles?

A

Levator scapular
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Action of levator scapular?

A

Lifts scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Action of rhomboids?

A

Retracts scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Intrinsic back muscles?

A

Transversospinalis

Erector spinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Muscles making up erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longitimus
Spinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Action of erector spinae and transversospinalis?

A

Extend spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Unilateral contraction of erector spinae causes what?

A

Lateral flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Action of psoas major and rectus abdominis?

A

Flexion of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What ligament connects adjacent laminae?

A

Ligamentum flavum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What ligament prevents overextension of the spine?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What ligament prevents over extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What ligament connects tips of spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What ligament connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What movement does the Atlanto-occipital joint allow?

A

Flexion / extension of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow?

A

Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

C5?

A

Badge patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

C7?

A

Middle finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

T2?

A

Medial arm and sternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T4?

A

Male nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T8?

A

Xiphoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

T10?

A

Umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

T12?

A

Pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

L1?

A

Groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

L5?

A

Dorsum of foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

S3?

A

Bum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow abduction of shoulder?

A

C5

Deltoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow adduction of shoulder?

A

C7

Pec major and latissimus dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of elbow?

A

C5, C6

Biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of elbow?

A

C7, C8

Triceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of wrist?

A

C6, C7

Carpal flexors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of wrist?

A

C7, C8

Carpal extensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of hip?

A

L2,L3

Psoas major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of hip?

A

L5, S1

Glut max and hamstrings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of knee?

A

L5, S1

Hamstrings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of knee?

A

L3, L4

Quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What causes ankle dorsiflexion?

A

L4, L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What causes ankle plantarflexion?

A

S1, S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What causes ankle inversion?

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What causes ankle eversion?

A

L5, S1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Ankle reflex?

A

S1

68
Q

Knee reflex?

A

L3/L4

69
Q

Biceps reflex?

A

C5/C6

70
Q

Triceps reflex?

A

C7/C8

71
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis 
Loose connective tissue 
Pericranium
72
Q

Thinnest part of skull?

A

Pterion

73
Q

What bones meet at Pterion?

A

Frontal sphenoid temporal parietal

74
Q

What lies deep to Pterion ?

A

Middle meningeal artery

75
Q

Meninges from deep to superficial?

A

Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

76
Q

Where does subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

77
Q

What is diaphragm sellae?

A

Dura mater roof over pituitary fossa

78
Q

What is tentonium cerrebeli?

A

Dura mater tent over cerebellum

79
Q

What is falx cerebri?

A

Midline dura mater - separates right and left hemispheres

80
Q

What does internal carotid artery split into?

A

Middle and anterior cerebral arteries

81
Q

What foraminae does the vertebral artery pass through?

A

Transverse foraminae and foramen Magnum

82
Q

Where is the circle of Willis?

A

Subarachnoid space

83
Q

Outline CSF circulation

A

Secreted by choroid plexus in lateral ventricles.
Through foraminae of monro into third ventricle.
Via cerebral aqueduct into forth ventricle.
Into subarachnoid space.
Reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations and into dural venous sinuses.

84
Q

What is hydroencephalus?

A

Increased CSF volume

85
Q

How do you alleviate hydroencephalus?

A

Ventricular peritoneal shunt

86
Q

Where is extradural haemorrhage?

A

Between dura mater and skull

87
Q

Where is subdural haemorrhage ?

A

Between arachnoid mater and dura mater

88
Q

Where is subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

In subarachnoid space

89
Q

Types of supratentorial herniations?

A

Cingulate
Central
Uncal
Transcalvanal

90
Q

Types of infratentorial herniations?

A 
Upward
Tonsillar (downward)
91
Q

Divisions in a 4 week old brain?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

92
Q

Divisions in a 6-8 week old brain?

A 
Telencephalon 
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Mylencephalon
93
Q

What does telencephalon form in mature brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

94
Q

What does diencephalon form in mature brain?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

95
Q

What does mesencephalon form in mature brain?

A

Midbrain

96
Q

What does metencephalon form in mature brain ?

A

Pons, cerebellum

97
Q

What does mylencephalon form in mature brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

98
Q

What makes up brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

99
Q

Different glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

100
Q

In brain where is white and grey matter ?

A

White on inside

Grey on outside

101
Q

In spinal cord where is white and grey matter?

A

Grey on inside.

White out outside

102
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

Inferior to occipital and temporal lobes
In posterior cranial fossa
Posterior to pons, separated by 4th ventricle

103
Q

What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Middle, superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

104
Q

Loves of cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

105
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres influence contralateral/ ipsilateral side of body?

A

Ipsilateral

106
Q

What would a unilateral hemispheric lesion cause?

A

Disturbance in coordination of limbs
Tension tremor
Unsteady gait

107
Q

What does a bilateral cerebellar dysfunction cause?

A

Slow, slurred speech
Bilateral incoordination of the arms
Staggering, wide based gait

108
Q

What would a midline cerebellar lesion cause?

A

Disturbance of postural control - will fall despite preserved limb coordination

109
Q

Functions of basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibits unwanted movements
Role in posture and muscle tone

110
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus 
Substantia Nigra
111
Q

What makes up lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

112
Q

Unilateral lesions of basal ganglia affect ipsilateral / contralateral side of body?

A

Contralateral

113
Q

Basal ganglia Lesions lead to what?

A

Changes in muscle tone

Dyskinesias - tremor/ chorea / myoclonus

114
Q

An increase in positive ions or decrease in negative ions has what effect on membrane potential?

A

Depolarisation

115
Q

A decrease in positive ions or increase in negative ions has what effect in membrane potential?

A

Hyper polarisation

116
Q

How do you increase AP velocity?

A

Increase axon diameter

Myelin

117
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

118
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

Glycine

119
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor?

A

Receptor is part of molecule forming the channel it controls

120
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

The receptor and channel it controls are distinct

121
Q

Example of amino acid neurotransitters?

A

Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

122
Q

Examples of peptide neurotransmitters

A 
CCK
Dynorphin 
EnK
Neuro peptide gamma 
Somatostatin 
Substance P
TRH
VIP
123
Q

Examples of amine neurotransmitters?

A 
ACh
Dopamine
Histamine 
NA
5-HT
124
Q

What motor units are fatigue resistant?

A

Type 1
Red
Slow contraction and relaxation

125
Q

What motor units are fast fatiguing ?

A

Type IIb/x
White
Fast contraction

126
Q

What motor units are red but fast contraction and relaxation?

A

Type IIa

127
Q

What effect will a Na channel agonist have?

A

Open channel
Na flow into cell
Excitation

128
Q

What effect will a Na antagonist have?

A

Close channel
Stop Na flow
Inhibition

129
Q

What effect will a K agonist have on membrane potential?

A

Open k channel
K flows out of cell
Inhibitory

130
Q

What effect will a k antagonist have on membrane potential?

A

Closes channel
K remains in the cell
Excitatory

131
Q

End of the spinal cord structure?

A

Conus medullaris

132
Q

What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?

A

Denticulate ligament - pial and arachnoid tissue

133
Q

What is special about spinal levels T1-L2?

A

Spinal cord grey matter contains lateral horns for preganglionic sympathetic axons

134
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post central gyrus

135
Q

Are sensory tracts ascending or descending?

A

Ascending

136
Q

What are the ascending tracts?

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway

Spinothalamic tract

137
Q

Function of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway?

A

Fine touch
Vibration
Propioception

138
Q

DCML 1st order neurones?

A

From peripheral nerves to medulla oblongata.

139
Q

DCML signals from upper limb travel where and synapse where?

A

In fasciculus cuneatus

Synapse in nucleus cuneatus of medulla oblongata

140
Q

DCML signals from lower limb travel where and synapse where?

A

In fasciculus gracilis

Synapse in nucleus gracilis of medulla oblongata

141
Q

DCML 2nd order neurones?

A

From medulla oblongata, cross over to other side CNS, travel in contralateral medial lemniscus to thalamus

142
Q

DCML 3rd order neurones?

A

From thalamus to primary sensory cortex in post central gyrus

143
Q

Function of the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain
Temperature
Deep pressure

144
Q

What is anterior spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Crude touch

Pressure

145
Q

What is lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

Pain

Temperature

146
Q

Spinothalamic tract 1st order neurones?

A

From sensory receptors in periphery, ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse in the dorsal horn (substantial getalinosa)

147
Q

Spinothalamic tract 2nd order neurones?

A

From substantia gelatinosa, cross over CNS, split into two tracts - anterior and lateral - and on to thalamus

148
Q

Spinothalamic tract 3rd order neurones?

A

Thalamus to primary sensory cortex in post central gyrus

149
Q

Where is primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus

150
Q

Are motor tracts ascending or descending?

A

Descending

151
Q

What is a pyramidal tract ?

A

Originates in cerebral cortex
Voluntary control of musculature
Corticospinal tract

152
Q

What is an extra-pyramidal tract?

A 
Originates in brain stem .
Involuntary and autonomic control of musculature - tone, balance, posture, locomotion 
Vestibulospinal tract
Reciculospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
153
Q

What tracts do not cross the CNS?

A

Tectospinal

Rubrospinal

154
Q

Function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Fine, precise movement

155
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

Cerebral cortex

156
Q

At the inferior medulla the corticospinal tract divides in two. What happens to these two different tracts?

A

The lateral corticospinal tract crosses CNS and descends in spinal cord, terminating in ventral horn to supply muscles of the body.
The ventral corticospinal tract remains ipsilateral and descends in the spinal cord, terminating in ventral horn of cervical and upper thoracic levels.

157
Q

Function of vestibulospinal tract?

A

Balance and posture - antigravity muscles

158
Q

Origin of vestibulospinal tract?

A

Vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla

159
Q

Where does medial reticulospinal tract arise from?

A

Pons

Facilitates voluntary movements and increases muscle tone

160
Q

Where does the lateral reticulospinal tract arise from?

A

Medulla

Inhibits voluntary movements and decreases muscle tone

161
Q

Function of tectospinal tract?

A

Coordinates movements of head in relation to visual stimuli

162
Q

Symptoms of an UMN lesion?

A 
Hypertonia
Hyperreflexia
Clonus
Babinski sign 
Muscle weakness
Contralateral side of body
163
Q

Symptoms of a LMN lesion?

A

Decreased muscle tone
Decreased or absent reflexes
Wasting muscle bulk
Muscle fasciculations

164
Q

What is responsible for depolarisation causing action potential?

A

Increases in Na+

165
Q

What is responsible for hyper polarisation brining action potential back to resting potential?

A

Decrease in K+

Neuro (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions