Neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What is collection of nerve cells bodies in CNS called?
A
Nucleus
2
Q
What is Collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS called?
A
Ganglion
3
Q
CN1?
A
Olfactory
Sensory
4
Q
CN II?
A
Optic
Sensory
5
Q
CN III?
A
Oculomotor
Motor
6
Q
CN IV?
A
Trochlear
Motor
7
Q
CN V?
A
Trigeminal
Sensory and motor
8
Q
CN VI?
A
Abducens
Motor
9
Q
CN VII?
A
Facial
Sensory and motor
10
Q
CN VIII?
A
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
11
Q
CN IX?
A
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory and motor
12
Q
CN X?
A
Vagus
Sensory and motor
13
Q
CN XI?
A
Spinal accessory
Motor
14
Q
CN XIO?
A
Hypoglossal
Motor
15
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31
16
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves in each segment?
A
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 saccral 1 coccygeal
17
Q
Sensory axons are provides by what roots?
A
Posterior roots
18
Q
Motor axons are provided by what root?
A
Anterior
19
Q
Pathway of sensory axons?
A
Spinal nerve -> posterior root -> posterior rootlets -> posterior horn of spinal cord
20
Q
Pathway of motor axons?
A
Anterior horn of spinal cord -> anterior rootlets -> anterior root-> spinal nerve
21
Q
Cervical plexus?
A
C1-C4
22
Q
Brachial plexus?
A
C5-T1
23
Q
Lumbar plexus?
A
L1-L4
24
Q
Sacral plexus?
A
L5-S4
25
Parasympathetic outflow?
CN III, VII, IX, X
| Sacral spinal nerves
26
Sympathetic outflow?
T1-L2/3
27
Curvatures of the back?
Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacral kyphosis
28
Extrinsic back muscles?
Levator scapular
Rhomboids
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
29
Action of levator scapular?
Lifts scapula
30
Action of rhomboids?
Retracts scapula
31
Intrinsic back muscles?
Transversospinalis
| Erector spinae
32
Muscles making up erector spinae?
Iliocostalis
Longitimus
Spinalis
33
Action of erector spinae and transversospinalis?
Extend spine
34
Unilateral contraction of erector spinae causes what?
Lateral flexion
35
Action of psoas major and rectus abdominis?
Flexion of spine
36
What ligament connects adjacent laminae?
Ligamentum flavum
37
What ligament prevents overextension of the spine?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
38
What ligament prevents over extension of the spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
39
What ligament connects tips of spinous processes?
Supraspinous ligament
40
What ligament connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes?
Interspinous ligament
41
What movement does the Atlanto-occipital joint allow?
Flexion / extension of the neck
42
What movement does the atlanto-axial joint allow?
Rotation
43
C5?
Badge patch
44
C7?
Middle finger
45
T2?
Medial arm and sternal angle
46
T4?
Male nipple
47
T8?
Xiphoid process
48
T10?
Umbilicus
49
T12?
Pubic symphysis
50
L1?
Groin
51
L5?
Dorsum of foot
52
S3?
Bum
53
What spinal nerve and muscles allow abduction of shoulder?
C5
| Deltoid
54
What spinal nerve and muscles allow adduction of shoulder?
C7
| Pec major and latissimus dorsi
55
What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of elbow?
C5, C6
| Biceps brachii
56
What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of elbow?
C7, C8
| Triceps brachii
57
What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of wrist?
C6, C7
| Carpal flexors
58
What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of wrist?
C7, C8
| Carpal extensors
59
What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of hip?
L2,L3
| Psoas major
60
What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of hip?
L5, S1
| Glut max and hamstrings
61
What spinal nerve and muscles allow flexion of knee?
L5, S1
| Hamstrings
62
What spinal nerve and muscles allow extension of knee?
L3, L4
| Quadriceps
63
What causes ankle dorsiflexion?
L4, L5
64
What causes ankle plantarflexion?
S1, S2
65
What causes ankle inversion?
L4
66
What causes ankle eversion?
L5, S1
67
Ankle reflex?
S1
68
Knee reflex?
L3/L4
69
Biceps reflex?
C5/C6
70
Triceps reflex?
C7/C8
71
What are the layers of the scalp?
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
```
72
Thinnest part of skull?
Pterion
73
What bones meet at Pterion?
Frontal sphenoid temporal parietal
74
What lies deep to Pterion ?
Middle meningeal artery
75
Meninges from deep to superficial?
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
76
Where does subarachnoid space end?
S2
77
What is diaphragm sellae?
Dura mater roof over pituitary fossa
78
What is tentonium cerrebeli?
Dura mater tent over cerebellum
79
What is falx cerebri?
Midline dura mater - separates right and left hemispheres
80
What does internal carotid artery split into?
Middle and anterior cerebral arteries
81
What foraminae does the vertebral artery pass through?
Transverse foraminae and foramen Magnum
82
Where is the circle of Willis?
Subarachnoid space
83
Outline CSF circulation
Secreted by choroid plexus in lateral ventricles.
Through foraminae of monro into third ventricle.
Via cerebral aqueduct into forth ventricle.
Into subarachnoid space.
Reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations and into dural venous sinuses.
84
What is hydroencephalus?
Increased CSF volume
85
How do you alleviate hydroencephalus?
Ventricular peritoneal shunt
86
Where is extradural haemorrhage?
Between dura mater and skull
87
Where is subdural haemorrhage ?
Between arachnoid mater and dura mater
88
Where is subarachnoid haemorrhage?
In subarachnoid space
89
Types of supratentorial herniations?
Cingulate
Central
Uncal
Transcalvanal
90
Types of infratentorial herniations?
```
Upward
Tonsillar (downward)
```
91
Divisions in a 4 week old brain?
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
92
Divisions in a 6-8 week old brain?
```
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Mylencephalon
```
93
What does telencephalon form in mature brain?
Cerebral hemispheres
94
What does diencephalon form in mature brain?
Thalamus, hypothalamus
95
What does mesencephalon form in mature brain?
Midbrain
96
What does metencephalon form in mature brain ?
Pons, cerebellum
97
What does mylencephalon form in mature brain?
Medulla oblongata
98
What makes up brain stem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
99
Different glial cells?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
100
In brain where is white and grey matter ?
White on inside
| Grey on outside
101
In spinal cord where is white and grey matter?
Grey on inside.
| White out outside
102
Where is the cerebellum?
Inferior to occipital and temporal lobes
In posterior cranial fossa
Posterior to pons, separated by 4th ventricle
103
What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Middle, superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles
104
Loves of cerebellum?
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular
105
Cerebellar hemispheres influence contralateral/ ipsilateral side of body?
Ipsilateral
106
What would a unilateral hemispheric lesion cause?
Disturbance in coordination of limbs
Tension tremor
Unsteady gait
107
What does a bilateral cerebellar dysfunction cause?
Slow, slurred speech
Bilateral incoordination of the arms
Staggering, wide based gait
108
What would a midline cerebellar lesion cause?
Disturbance of postural control - will fall despite preserved limb coordination
109
Functions of basal ganglia?
Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibits unwanted movements
Role in posture and muscle tone
110
What makes up the basal ganglia?
```
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia Nigra
```
111
What makes up lenticular nucleus?
Putamen
| Globus pallidus
112
Unilateral lesions of basal ganglia affect ipsilateral / contralateral side of body?
Contralateral
113
Basal ganglia Lesions lead to what?
Changes in muscle tone
| Dyskinesias - tremor/ chorea / myoclonus
114
An increase in positive ions or decrease in negative ions has what effect on membrane potential?
Depolarisation
115
A decrease in positive ions or increase in negative ions has what effect in membrane potential?
Hyper polarisation
116
How do you increase AP velocity?
Increase axon diameter
| Myelin
117
What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
118
What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
| Glycine
119
What is an ionotropic receptor?
Receptor is part of molecule forming the channel it controls
120
What is a metabotropic receptor?
The receptor and channel it controls are distinct
121
Example of amino acid neurotransitters?
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine
122
Examples of peptide neurotransmitters
```
CCK
Dynorphin
EnK
Neuro peptide gamma
Somatostatin
Substance P
TRH
VIP
```
123
Examples of amine neurotransmitters?
```
ACh
Dopamine
Histamine
NA
5-HT
```
124
What motor units are fatigue resistant?
Type 1
Red
Slow contraction and relaxation
125
What motor units are fast fatiguing ?
Type IIb/x
White
Fast contraction
126
What motor units are red but fast contraction and relaxation?
Type IIa
127
What effect will a Na channel agonist have?
Open channel
Na flow into cell
Excitation
128
What effect will a Na antagonist have?
Close channel
Stop Na flow
Inhibition
129
What effect will a K agonist have on membrane potential?
Open k channel
K flows out of cell
Inhibitory
130
What effect will a k antagonist have on membrane potential?
Closes channel
K remains in the cell
Excitatory
131
End of the spinal cord structure?
Conus medullaris
132
What suspends the spinal cord in the canal?
Denticulate ligament - pial and arachnoid tissue
133
What is special about spinal levels T1-L2?
Spinal cord grey matter contains lateral horns for preganglionic sympathetic axons
134
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
Post central gyrus
135
Are sensory tracts ascending or descending?
Ascending
136
What are the ascending tracts?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
| Spinothalamic tract
137
Function of the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway?
Fine touch
Vibration
Propioception
138
DCML 1st order neurones?
From peripheral nerves to medulla oblongata.
139
DCML signals from upper limb travel where and synapse where?
In fasciculus cuneatus
| Synapse in nucleus cuneatus of medulla oblongata
140
DCML signals from lower limb travel where and synapse where?
In fasciculus gracilis
| Synapse in nucleus gracilis of medulla oblongata
141
DCML 2nd order neurones?
From medulla oblongata, cross over to other side CNS, travel in contralateral medial lemniscus to thalamus
142
DCML 3rd order neurones?
From thalamus to primary sensory cortex in post central gyrus
143
Function of the spinothalamic tract?
Pain
Temperature
Deep pressure
144
What is anterior spinothalamic tract responsible for?
Crude touch
| Pressure
145
What is lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?
Pain
| Temperature
146
Spinothalamic tract 1st order neurones?
From sensory receptors in periphery, ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse in the dorsal horn (substantial getalinosa)
147
Spinothalamic tract 2nd order neurones?
From substantia gelatinosa, cross over CNS, split into two tracts - anterior and lateral - and on to thalamus
148
Spinothalamic tract 3rd order neurones?
Thalamus to primary sensory cortex in post central gyrus
149
Where is primary motor cortex?
Pre-central gyrus
150
Are motor tracts ascending or descending?
Descending
151
What is a pyramidal tract ?
Originates in cerebral cortex
Voluntary control of musculature
Corticospinal tract
152
What is an extra-pyramidal tract?
```
Originates in brain stem .
Involuntary and autonomic control of musculature - tone, balance, posture, locomotion
Vestibulospinal tract
Reciculospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
```
153
What tracts do not cross the CNS?
Tectospinal
| Rubrospinal
154
Function of the corticospinal tract?
Fine, precise movement
155
Where does the corticospinal tract originate?
Cerebral cortex
156
At the inferior medulla the corticospinal tract divides in two. What happens to these two different tracts?
The lateral corticospinal tract crosses CNS and descends in spinal cord, terminating in ventral horn to supply muscles of the body.
The ventral corticospinal tract remains ipsilateral and descends in the spinal cord, terminating in ventral horn of cervical and upper thoracic levels.
157
Function of vestibulospinal tract?
Balance and posture - antigravity muscles
158
Origin of vestibulospinal tract?
Vestibular nuclei of pons and medulla
159
Where does medial reticulospinal tract arise from?
Pons
| Facilitates voluntary movements and increases muscle tone
160
Where does the lateral reticulospinal tract arise from?
Medulla
| Inhibits voluntary movements and decreases muscle tone
161
Function of tectospinal tract?
Coordinates movements of head in relation to visual stimuli
162
Symptoms of an UMN lesion?
```
Hypertonia
Hyperreflexia
Clonus
Babinski sign
Muscle weakness
Contralateral side of body
```
163
Symptoms of a LMN lesion?
Decreased muscle tone
Decreased or absent reflexes
Wasting muscle bulk
Muscle fasciculations
164
What is responsible for depolarisation causing action potential?
Increases in Na+
165
What is responsible for hyper polarisation brining action potential back to resting potential?
Decrease in K+
